理工学习笔记1h.doc

   直接从书上选题：
1.     I rarely play basketball.
A. normally         B. seldom     C. frequently     D. usually
比较:
I rarely wear a raincoat because I spend most of my time in a car.
A. normally         B. seldom     C. continuously        D. usually
分析： 答案都是seldom, 答案位置也没有发生改变.
考点： 否定副词。
rarely – seldom –hardly –scarcely(B级)
e.g. He will hardly come.    几乎不[没有]
e.g. I scarcely saw him.简直不[没有]，几乎不[没有]
其他被选项也是常见词:
normally – usually通常
frequently频繁地
continuously连续的，继续的
continuous – constant 继续不断的      

2.     My father is a physician.
A. researcher        B. professor   C. doctor         D. student
比较:
The poet William Carlos Williams was a New Jersey physician.
A. doctor         B. professor       C. physicist           D. resident
分析: 答案都是doctor。
考点： 常见名词。
researcher：研究者
professor：(大学)教授〔略 Prof.〕
resident：住户，居民
!physicist：物理学家（physics物理学-- physicist）
student(大学生) – pupil学生(指中、小学生)

3.     The Foreign Service is a branch of the Department of State.
A. center               B. division       C. root             D. base
比较:
An important part of the national government is the Foreign Service, a branch of the Department of State.
A. a !unity     B. a division   C. an embassy     D. an invasion
分析: 答案都是division, 答案位置也没有发生改变.
考点：考察常见名词。
branch： (树)枝，(学科)分科；部门
division：区域；部分，部门 (divide --division)
center: 中心；中心点
root: 草木、毛发等的)根
base: 根据，基础, 基地

4.     It is obvious that he will win the game.
A. likely           B. possible        C. clear            D. strange
比较:
It is obvious that there is difference in the way they view the matter.
A. natural         B. certain     C. inevitable     D. clear
分析: 答案都是clear。
考点：考察常见形容词。
clear – obvious – evident明白的，明显的， 清楚的
likely -- possible --- probable可能的
strange –odd奇怪的，古怪的
natural自然界的，生来的（the natural world 自然界）
certain -- sure 确信的
certain -- some某个(种)的
certain – inevitable(不可避免的) – bound 必定的，肯定的
e.g. You can be certain she is coming.
e.g. He is certain to succeed.
e.g. It's bound to happen.

    2. 往年考题变形:
1. I don’t quite follow what she is saying.
A. observe         B. understand C. explain         D. describe
比较:
2003年C级词汇考题:
Can you follow the plot?
A. change           B. investigate     C. write        D. understand
分析: 答案都是understand。
考点： 考察常见多义词。
follow – understand 理解
follow – go after跟着，跟随
e.g. Spring follows winter.
follow – take听从(忠告, 建议)
follow/ take one’s advice
observe: 遵守(时间，法律、习惯等), 观察
explain – account for说明，阐明；解释
describe记述，叙述
change – convert 改变，变更，变换
e.g. change/ convert a five-pound note into gold 把一张五镑钞票兑换成金币。
investigate – look into研究，调查
write写，记
e.g. write a letter
e.g. write to a friend

3. 增加了对短语结构的考察频度:
1. Mary is looking for the book she lost yesterday.
A. trying to find       B. trying to read        C. trying to buy        D. trying to borrow
考点: 考察常见短语结构
Look for: 寻找
look forward to:  盼望，期待
look into: 调查；过问
look like: 好像, 看起来像
look after: 注意，照管
look at: 看, 考虑

2. Jean has made up her mind not to go to the meeting.
A. tried            B. promised        C. decided            D. attempted
考点: 考察常见短语结构
make up one’s mind – decide -- determine
e.g. I determine to learn French.   
try – attempt试图 (+ sth./doing sth./to do sth.)
attempt还经常被考察作为名词的用法, 如:
(CET -4, 1996. 6)
Mary had prepared carefully for her biology examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first ___.
A. intention        B. attempt     C. purpose     D. desire
分析: 根据空格所在的局部结构的含义（她能够确信在她第一次...的时候就能通过它(考试)）， 判断B（尝试）最合适。
intention：意向；意图，目的 -- purpose：目的，宗旨，意向
desire：愿望，欲望
promise：允诺，答应
e．g． I promise you. 我答应你.

3. I remember lots of things.
A. much         B. large        C. big        D. many
分析: 考察常见短语结构.
Lots of – many -- much
因为划线短语后出现的是可数名词, 所以答案应该是D(many修饰可数名词)
large (体积，空间，数量，规模等)大的—big大规模的, 〔口语〕重大的；伟大的；极成功的

4． Please put up your hands if you have any questions.
A. raise           B. reach       C. wave        D. fold
分析: put up your hands是“举手”， 所以A（抬起，举起）是答案。
put up：举起， 升(帆、旗等)， 贴(广告等)；
put up with 忍住，熬住
raise：抬起，举起(重物等)，造起(房子)，抬高(价钱、租金)；提高(声音)，筹(款等)
reach：到，抵，到达(特定地点，目的地等)
wave：波动；摇摆，挥手[招手]示意
fold：折叠；对折，叉手，盘(脚)
           阅读判断题
2005年考题分析:

The smog
    For over a month, Indonesia was in crisis. Forest fires raged out of control as the country suffered its worst drought for 50 years. Smoke from the fires mixed with sunlight and hot dry air to form a cloud of smog. This pollution quickly spread and within days it was hanging over neighboring countries including Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand.
    When the smoke combined with pollution from factories and cars, it soon became poisonous(有毒的). Dangerous amounts of CO became trapped under the smog and pollution levels rose. People wheezed (喘息) and coughed as they left the house and their eyes watered immediately.
    The smog made it impossible to see across streets and whole cities disappeared as grey soot (烟灰) covered everything. In some areas, water was hosed(用胶管浇) from high-rise city buildings to try and break up the smog.
    Finally, heavy rains, which came in November, put out the fires and cleared the air. But the environment costs and health problems will remain. Many people from South-Eastern Asian cities already suffer from breathing huge amounts of car exhaust fumes (汽车排放的废气) and factory pollution. Breathing problems could well increase and many non-sufferers may have difficulties for the first time. Wildlife has suffered too. In lowland forests, elephants, deer, and tigers have been driven out of their homes by smog.
    But smog is not just an Asian problem. In fact, the word was first used in London in 1905 to describe the mixture of smoke and thick fog. Fog often hung over the capital. Sometimes the smog was so thick and poisonous that people were killed by breathing problems or in accidents. About 4,000 Londoners died within five days as a result of thick smog in 1952.

1.     Indonesia was in crisis because of the drought.
A. right          B. wrong      C. not mentioned

     2. The smog spread to neighboring countries.
A. right          B. wrong      C. not mentioned

     3. The air-pollution index went up to 300 within a few days.
A. right          B. wrong      C. not mentioned

       4. Water was used to try to break up the smog.
A. right          B. wrong      C. not mentioned

       5. Many Indonesians blamed the government for the draught.
A. right          B. wrong      C. not mentioned

       6. The forest animals haven’t been affected by the smog.
A. right          B. wrong      C. not mentioned

       7. The word “smog” first appeared in 1952.
A. right          B. wrong      C. not mentioned

答案与解析：
第一步：文章标题分析：了解文章主题， 文章核心词， 文章可能内容
The smog （smog = smoke + fog）
文章标题是某种事物， 所以这篇文章是说明文，文章将对“烟雾”这种自然现象进行介绍。
第二步：直接看题解题：
解题思路： 特征词/核心词定位法。找出题干中的特征词，核心词/结构作为答案线索，在文章中找到答案相关句， 对比答案相关句的内容和问题句的内容， 判断答案。

1．  Indonesia was in crisis because of the drought.
A. right          B. wrong      C. not mentioned
1． A。 分析：问题句说“印度尼西亚因为干旱而处于一场危机之中”。题干中出现了特征词（专有名词）Indonesia，因此利用Indonesia作为答案线索， 这样在文章中找到答案相关句：For over a month, Indonesia was in crisis. 该句说“印度尼西亚处于危机之中已经有一个月的时间了”，但是该句没有提到造成危机的原因， 接着看下一句：Forest fires raged out of control as the country suffered its worst droughtfor 50 years. 该句中出现了“干旱”一词， 该句说“这个国家遭受到50年里最严重的干旱， 在这场干旱中森林大火失去了控制。” “the country”应该指代前文中出现的Indonesia，这两句在句意上的关系是：先概括地说“印度尼西亚处于危机之中”，然后具体叙述是什么样的危机 – “因为干旱， 森林大火失去控制”， 问题句的内容实际上就是这两个句子句意的融合， 因此判断问题句的说法“正确”。
in crisis 处于危机中； in danger = at stake 处于危险中；
out of control 失控
考点：逻辑结构：“总结概括 + 具体叙述”
出题形式：问题句是文章中某几个句子句意的概括总结句。

     2. The smog spread to neighboring countries.
A. right          B. wrong      C. not mentioned
2． A。 分析： 问题句说“烟雾飞散到了邻国。”利用题干中的核心词smog（主语）和neighboring countries（宾语）作为答案线索， 这样找到答案相关句：Smoke from the fires mixed with sunlight and hot dry air to form a cloud of smog.该句中只出现了smog， 所以接着看下一句： This pollution quickly spread and within days it was hanging over neighboring countries including Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. 这个句子中出现了另一个问题句中的核心结构“neighboring countries”， 该句提到“This pollution/这种污染”， “这种污染”应该指前句中提到的污染“smog”， 该句说“烟雾这种污染传播地很快，在几天之中， 烟雾就盘旋在包括马来西亚，新加坡和泰国这些邻国的上空。”， 显然这句话的内容与问题句的内容一致。
hang：威胁，笼罩

     3. The air-pollution index went up to 300 within a few days.
A. right          B. wrong      C. not mentioned
3． C。分析：问题句说“空气污染的指数在几天之内就上升到了300。”。利用题干中的特征词（数字）300作为答案线索，发现这个数字在文章中没有出现, 而且问题句中的核心结构“air-pollution index（空气污染指数）” 在文章中也没有出现， 因此判断该句的内容在文章中“没提到”。
go up to: 上升到…

       4. Water was used to try to break up the smog.
A. right          B. wrong      C. not mentioned
4． A。 分析：问题句说“水被用来驱散烟雾。”利用题干中的核心词（主语）Water作为答案线索，这样找到答案相关句：In some areas, water was hosed(用胶管浇) from high-rise city buildings to try and break up the smog.该句说“在一些地区，人们用胶管从高层大楼引水来驱散烟雾”。这句话的内容与问题句的内容一致。

       5. Many Indonesians blamed the government for the draught.
A. right          B. wrong      C. not mentioned
5． C。 分析：问题句说“许多印度尼西亚人因为干旱而指责政府。”利用题干中的核心结构（主语）“Many Indonesians”和（宾语）“the government”作为答案线索， 发现这两个词在文章中都没有出现， 因此判断该问题句的内容在文章中没有被提到。
blame…for…:因为…而指责…

       6. The forest animals haven’t been affected by the smog.
A. right          B. wrong      C. not mentioned
6． B。 分析：问题句说“森林动物没有受到烟雾的影响。”利用题干中的核心结构（主语）“forest animals作为答案线索， 这样找到答案相关句： Wildlife （“forest animals”的同义词）has suffered too.该句说“野生动物也遭受到了痛苦”。 In lowland低地forests, elephants, deer, and tigers （与“forest animals”呼应）have been driven out of their homes by smog.该句说“在低地的森林里， 大象，鹿， 老虎都由于烟雾而逃离了家园。”这说明“森林动物也受到了烟雾的影响”，可见问题句的说法与原文的内容不一致。

       7. The word “smog” first appeared in 1952.
A. right          B. wrong      C. not mentioned
7． B。 分析：问题句说“‘烟雾’这个词最早是出现在1952年。”利用题干中的特征词（年代）“1952”作为答案线索，这样找到答案相关句：
    But smog is not just an Asian problem. In fact, the word was first used in London in 1905 to describe the mixture of smoke and thick fog. Fog often hung over the capital. Sometimes the smog was so thick and poisonous that people were killed by breathing problems or in accidents. About 4,000 Londoners died within five days as a result of thick smog in 1952. 该句说“在1952年由于一场大烟雾在5天里就有大约4,000名伦敦人死去了.” 显然1952这个年代与“烟雾”这个词的出现无关。实际上该段前句（划线句）说“‘烟雾’这个词是在1905年在伦敦首次使用， 该词用来描述一种烟和浓雾的混合物”， 这进一步肯定了问题句的说法不正确。

文章中的其他难句和长句：
1．Smoke from the fires mixed with sunlight and hot dry air to form a cloud of smog. 结果
由火带来的烟
2． When the smoke combined with pollution from factories and cars, it soon became poisonous(有毒的).
combine with: 与…联合，与…化合
poisonous: 有毒的，有害的

3． Dangerous amounts of CO became trapped under the smog and pollution levels rose.
一氧化碳被困在烟雾下， 达到了危险的浓度， 空气中污染物的浓度也上升了。
Trap： 设陷阱， 使陷于

4． People wheezed (喘息) and coughed as they left the house and their eyes watered 淌眼泪，加水immediately.

5． The smog made it impossible to see across streets 看到街的对面and whole cities disappeared as grey soot (烟灰) covered everything.
disappear – vanish 消失

6． Finally, heavy rains, which came in November, put out the fires and cleared the air.
put out:熄灭

7． Many people from South-Eastern Asian cities already suffer from breathing huge amounts of car exhaust fumes (汽车排放的废气) and factory pollution.
suffer from…:遭受到…

8． Breathing problems 呼吸问题could well 大大地increase and many non-sufferers may have difficulties for the first time.

9． Sometimes the smog was so thick and poisonous that people were killed by breathing problems or in accidents.
so…that…:如此…以至于…

职称英语核心词汇推荐（30单词）：
abandon v. 抛弃； (abandon – give up)
ability n. 能力；本领； (pl.) 才能；(the ability of doing sth./ the ability to do sth./做…的能力 )(ability – (B级)capability –capacity -- competence)
able adj. 能…的；有能力的(be able to do sth./能够….， 得以….)；(able – capable -- competent)
about prep. 在…附近；在…周围；关于adv. 附近， 周围，到处；(about --around) (about --on)
above prep. 在…之上；超过adv. 在上面；向上adj. 上面的；上述的；
abroad adv. 到国外；在国外（at home and aboard/在国内外; get aboard/上船/车/飞机）；
absent adj. 缺席的；；心不在焉的；缺乏的(be absent from../缺席….)) ；
absolute adj. 绝对的；完全的；确实的；(absolute --definite)
absorb v. 吸收（液体）；吸取（知识）；承担；使专心；使全神贯注(be absorbed in../)全神贯注于….) ；
abstract adj.抽象的；
academic adj. 学术的，理论的
accept v.接受；承认；(accept – admit -acknowledge)
access n. 进入；通道；使用； 接近（have [gain, get, obtain] access to/得接近; 得会见; 得进入; 得使用）； (access – way --approach)
accident n. 意外； 偶然事故 （by accident/偶然地）；(accident –incident)
accomplish v. 完成；实现； (accomplish – finish – complete – fulfill -- achieve)
according to按照; 根据...所说；
account n. 报导； （书面或口头）报告；账目；原因；理由 v. 说明（理由等）(on account of../ 因为….)；take…into account/考虑到….)， 顾及….)) ；
accumulate v. 积累, 存储, 蓄积(财产等), 堆积；
accurate adj.准确的；精确的；(accurate --precise)
accuse v. 控告；指控（accuse sb. of / 指控某人。。犯了罪）；
accustom v. （与to连用）使习惯于…(get/be/become/ accustomed to ../习惯了….))；
ache n. 疼痛 v. 疼痛；(ache-pain)
achieve v. 完成(功绩等), 实现(目标, 目的等)；
achievement n.完成；达成 ；成绩；成功；
acknowledge v. 承认；认为；对…表示感谢 ；
acquire v. 学得(知识等), 养成(习惯等)； (acquire --grasp) (acquire –develop --form)
across prep. 在对面，在另一边在或从…的另一边, 穿过；越过, 碰上，接触（across the street/街的对面; a bridge across a river/横跨河两岸的桥；come across sb./ 遇上某人; put one's idea across/传达某人的意见; get a message across / 了解一信息）
act v. 行动，做，起作用，扮演角色 n. 行为，法令；（act on: 遵照…行动）
action n. 行动；行为（ take action /采取行动）
active adj. 活跃的；积极的
       例题解析1
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子 (第23"~30题，每题1分，共8分)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项 中为第1—4段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27"--'30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
Passage 1
A Star Is Born

1 The VLT(Very Large Telescope)is the world’s largest telescope(望远镜)and is taking astronomers(天文学家)further back to the Big Bang than they ever thought possible．Located 2,600 meters up to the Chilean Andes，it has four huge mirrors，each about the size of a London bus．The VLT is so powerful it Can spot a burning match 10．000 kilometers away．

2 This astonishing power will allow astronomers to see events in space from the birth of stars to the collision(碰撞)of galaxies(星系)on the edge of the cosmos(宇宙)．The VLT is giving astronomers their best-ever view of the cosmos．The power of the VLT to see the smallest detail at the furthest distances makes its designers amazed．

3 Take the case of Eta Carinae，one of the most explosive stars in the universe．This star produces ultraviolet laser rays(紫外线)and it will destroy itself in a few million years’time．It is five times brighter than the sun and when it explodes it is going to be a sight worth waiting for!

4 But it is at distances of millions，even billions，of light years that the VLT really shows its power．The VLT can detect light that set out on its journey before the earth even existed．This gives astronomers their first—ever detailed views of events that took place in the earliest days of the cosmos．

5           In other words．the VLT is a kind of a time machine．It takes astronomers back to a time when complete galaxies crashed into each other．The effects of these past collisions can now be seen by scientists，and astronomers believe the telescope will reveal more about these exciting events in the years to come