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1、Using Abbreviation and Symbols to Write Notes Quickly Ⅰ Common symbols used in note-taking & or + and, plus, with (many people use a simple squiggle (ɣ) to represent ‘and’) – minus, without = equals, is the same as, results in ≠ does not equal, is not the same as, does not result in ( )
2、 include, among ≈ or ~ approximately, more or less, about, similar to < is less than, is smaller than > is greater than, is larger than ↑ increase, rise, growth ↑↑ rapid increase ↓ decrease, fall, shrinkage ↓↓ rapid decrease ⇒ or ∴ therefore, thus ∵ because " " ditto (means the
3、same as the words above) → leads on to, produces, causes x no, not, incorrect, wrong, negative, bad xx definitely not, disproved ? uncertain, possibly, unproven, doubt, question, issue ✓ yes, correct ✓✓ definitely, certain, proven # or no. number ✳ special, important, notable (when a
4、dded to a word or phrase) / per, each, ratio (e.g., £50/day instead of ‘fifty pounds per day’) @ at Σ or s sum § section (e.g. read § 7 again) $ money, cost, price % percent ↔ linked, interrelated, connected Δ change ... etc. or missing words // parallel; end, stop, halt, etc.
5、 say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare .d yesterday .y last year .2m two months ago 2y. two years later wk. next week ☆ important, exemplary, best, outstanding, brilliant ∧ transition, turn ♂ / ♀ male/female ⊙ conference/meeting/negotiation/discussing □ country Some co
6、mmon general abbreviations c. (or ca.) approximately, roughly, about (abbreviation for the Latin ‘circa’) e.g. for example i.e. in other words, that is c.f. compared to, by comparison with w/ with w/o without w/i within v. very vv. extremely ft. foot, feet pkg p
7、ackage viz. namely C century (e.g. C19 for ‘nineteenth century’) 1920s i.e. 1920-1929 etc. and so on, and so forth, et cetera K or k a thousand (e.g. 50K for ‘fifty thousand’) m a million (e.g. $6m for ‘six million dollars’) vs against, as opposed to, versus b/4 before b/c
8、 because re: regarding, about e.g. example 2 to, two, too 4 for N.B. note wrt write rt right yr/yrs year/years ch chapter wd/wds word/words diff.(s) difficult(y)(-ies) excl. excluding incl. including imp. important/importance lang. language ltd. limited 1st, 2nd, 3rd
9、 first, second, third G.B., U.K. Great Britain, United Kingdom Eng. English Brit. British Q. question A. answer p./pp. page/pages re- with reference to/concerning tho though thro through s/t something s/o someone f frequency ibid Latin, “the same work” H2O water ° deg
10、ree IT dept Information Technology department I/O instead of R are Some abbreviation techniques 1. Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references. Σ = sum f = frequency ≠ = not equal 2. Leave out periods in standard abbreviations. cf = compare eg = example
11、dept = department 3. Use only the first syllable of a word. pol = politics dem = democracy lib = liberal cap = capitalism mar = marketing cus = customer cli = client 4. Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable. pres = presentation subj = subject ind = individual cons = c
12、onservative budg = budget 5. Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc = associate bio = biology info = information ach = achievement ins = insurance chem = chemistry max = maximum intro = introduction conc = concentration prof = professor m
13、in = minimum/minute rep = repetition exch = exchange hist = history geog = geography 6. Omit vowels; retain only enough consonants for a recognizable skeleton of the word. ppd = prepared prblm = problem estmt = estimate bkgd = background gvt = government mkt = market mgr = manager msg = message
14、 std = standard rcv = receive tchr = teacher ppl = people 7. Use an apostrophe in place of letters. am’t = amount cont’d = continued gov’t = government educat’l = educational 8. Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding “s.” chpts = chapters egs = examples fs = frequencies in
15、tros = introductions 9. Use “g” to represent ing endings, “m” to represent ism endings, “n” to represent tion endings, “o” to represent cian endings, “d” to represent ed endings, “bl” to represent able/ible/ble endings, “mt” to represent ment endings, “z” to represent to ize endings, and “fl” t
16、o represent ful endings. ckg = checking estg = establishing decrg = decreasing exptg = experimenting sm = socialism stdn = standardization techo = technician acptd = accepted avbl = available amdmt = amendment regz = recognize mnfl = meaningful 10. Spell out short words such as “in,” “at,” “to,”
17、 “but,” “for,” and “key.” Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand. 11. Leave out unimportant words. Always use 1, 2, 3... instead of one, two, three... 12. Leave out the words a, an and the, and dot your i and cross your t later. 13. If a term, phra
18、se, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter. 14. Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words. & = and w/ = with w/o = without
19、 vs = against ∴ = therefore = = is or equal 15. Use technical symbols where applicable. zb = German, “for example” H2O = water ibid = Latin, “the same work” ° = degrees 16. Use the first few letters of the word – just enough to remember what the abbreviation stands for. imp for ‘important’
20、 info for ‘information’ eval for ‘evaluation’ 17. Remove all (or most of) the vowels from the word and use just the key consonants bunched together. mngmt for ‘management’ mkt for ‘market’ (and mkting for ‘marketing’) dvpt for ‘development’ 18. For words that have just one syllable, write
21、 just the first and last letter of the word. Here are some examples of words that have been abbreviated by writing just the first and last letter of the word. qt = quart ld = land tk = tick rd = round gl =girl pk = pack nt = night fd =field lk =link ht = heart An example of the use of symbols
22、and abbreviations to take efficient notes Imagine you heard the following in a lecture: At the end of the twentieth century the United Kingdom’s population, at around sixty million, was similar to that of Italy, but Italy’s population was shrinking because its birth rate had fallen below its dea
23、th rate. The UK’s population was still growing, albeit very slowly – at a rate of 0.09% between 1995 and 2000. Your notes on this part of the lecture might look like this: Ⅱ 缩略符号 the – more mo most m- for f all l can kn that -t they -y my m. from fr but bt new nw and
24、 & this -s some sm if .f would (d any an are r there -r could kd is z which (c thing -, he e has hs well (el be b what (t think -nk or o had hd do d you u was (s next nx to t have hv lie l. your ur whom (m until tl in n she )e time t.m
25、 an a will (l cannot knt of v shall )l send s+ so s when (n easy ez 部分英语缩略词表 acc account/accountant imp import/imperial acdg according imps impossible acpt accept impt important ad advertisement in. inch/inches admn administration ind industrial/independent
26、ads address inst. instant/institute adv advice int. interior/interest (兴趣；利息) agr agriculture intsd interested agt agent I/O instead of alt altitude IOU I owe you a.m. ante meridiem/before noon I.Q. intelligence quotient AMAP as much/many as possible IVO in view of (鉴于，考虑到
27、) amb ambassador is. island amt amount J judge/justice anal analysis jour journal/journalist anc ancient jr. junior (大学三年级学生；年少的；初级的) anon anonymous lat. latitude app appendix lb. pounds (磅；英镑) apt apartment L/C letter of credit (信用证) apv approve leg legal arch arch
28、itecture lib library/librarian arr arrive/arrival liq liquid ASAP as soon as possible lit literature ass/assn assistant/association long. longitude at atmosphere/atomic M.A. Master of Arts att/attn attorney/attention mach machinery aux auxiliary mag magazine av average m
29、an. manual anc ancient manuf manufacture bal balance math mathematics bldg building MDL model (型号；模特) cert certificate Mdm Madam cfm conform med. medicine/medical cmi commission mem member/memoir (回忆录) cmp complete memo memorandum (备忘录) cmpe compete/competitive mgr m
30、anger cmun communication mid middle cncl cancel mod moderate/modern conc/concn/concd concern/concerning/concerned mph mile per hour (每小时英里数；车速) co. company MS manuscripts(手稿) c/o care of (转交) Mt Mount/mountain col college/color mus music/museum com commentary/common/communi
31、ty n north/noon/name/normal comm commission nat national/native/natural comp/compn computer/competition ncry necessary con conclusion n.d. no date (无日期) condn condition NLT not later than (不迟于) cont/contd continent/continued nr near corpn corporation obj object/objective c
32、ust customer/custom/customs obs obsolete (过时的)/observe def defender/defense obt obtain deg degree off. office/official dep deposit op. opera/operation/opposite dept department ord ordinary diff difference org organization disc discount orig original dist distance/disting
33、uish oz. ounce (盎司) div/divd divide/divorced p. page/power/pressure dorm dormitory para paragraph dpt departure part particular/partner dz dozen pass passive/passenger e east/earth/engineering PAT patent econ economics/economy paymt payment ed. editor pc piece/personal
34、computer edu education pd. paid (钱款)已付 encld/encl enclosed/enclosure perf perform/performance esp. especially pkg packing ex. example/exception/extra pl people exp. export prob/probs problem/problems expln explain pls please ext extend/extension posn position FAX facsim
35、ile poss possible/possibly ff. following prob probable/probably fig figures prod product fin finance/financial pt patient fl fluid qlty quality FLT flight qnty quantity fnt Final ref reference FOB free on board (船上交货；离岸价格) regl regular for foreign/forestry rep repre
36、sentative fp freezing point res research fr frequent respon responsible frt freight (货物；货运) resn reservation ft foot/feet (脚；英寸) rpt repeat fut future sitn situation FYR for your reference (仅供参考) st/sts student/students g gold/grain/gram/guide/gender/gravity tel telephone
37、 G.A. General Assembly (联合国大会) temp temporary gd good tgm telegraph gen. generally tks thanks gent gentleman/gentlemen trd trade gm gram/general manager trf traffic gov government ttl total gs general secretary (秘书长) T.U. Trade Union (英)工会 guar guarantee ult ultimate
38、 h harbor/hundred/husband/hydrogen univ university hd head (头部；首脑) up upper hf half usu. usually H.O. home office vil village honbl/hon honorable/honorary V.P. Vice President H.Q. headquarters v.v. vice versa (反之亦然) hr hour wel welcome/welfare ht height wl will hwy h
39、ighway wt weight hypoth hypothesis/hypothetical XL extra large (特大号) i.a. in absence/absent ib. ibidem/in the same place ID identity/identity card 缩略字母 Z 表示"人"people/person，因为"Z"看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：JZ。 C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所
40、以就用C来表示govern, government。governmental official 可以表示为 CZ P 表示政治：politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。那么politician就可以表示为 PZ E 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。 G 表示效率：efficient, effective。G为效率符号。 Q 表示"通货膨胀"：inflation因为这个符
41、号酷似一个上升的气球。 A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。 B 表示商业：business。 C× 表示冲突，矛盾：conflict， confrontation。 W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。WZ可以用来表示worker, 而Z在W上方表示employer, 在下方表示employee。 i 表示工业: industry, industrial。字母i 像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。 h这个符号酷似一把椅子，可以表示主持、主办：chair, host, preside over。那么在此符号上
42、加Z表示主席，主持人：chairman, host, etc. T 表示"领导人"：leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为 CT k 这个符号看上像条鱼，所以表示"捕鱼业"等合fishery 有关的词汇。 ○圆圈代表地球，横线表示赤道，所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc. J 表示开心：pleasant, joyful，happy，excited, etc. L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc. EO 表示听到、总所周之：as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc. O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷：indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don't care much, etc.
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