新概念第四册笔记.doc

Unit 1
Lesson 1
Finding fossil man 发现化石人

First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。

Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful?

We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the word where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.
But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.
Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.
ROBIN PLACE Finding fossil man

New words and expressions 生词和短语

fossil man (title)
adj. 化石人
recount
v. 叙述
saga
n. 英雄故事
legend
n. 传说，传奇
migration
n. 迁移，移居
anthropologist
n. 人类学家
archaeologist
n. 考古学家
ancestor
n. 祖先
Polynesian
adj.波利尼西亚（中太平洋之一群岛）的
Indonesia
n. 印度尼西亚
flint
n. 燧石
rot
n. 烂掉

参考译文
我们从书籍中可读到5,000 年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。但直到现在,世界上有些地方，人们还不会书写。 他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来。人类学家过去不清楚如今生活在太平洋诸岛上的波利尼西亚人的祖先来自何方，当地人的传说却告诉人们：其中一部分是约在2,000年前从印度尼西亚迁来的。
但是，和我们相似的原始人生活的年代太久远了因此，有关他们的传说既使有如今也失传了。于是，考古学家们既缺乏历史记载，又无口头传说来帮助他们弄清最早的“现代人”是从哪里来的。
然而， 幸运的是，远古人用石头制作了工具，特别是用燧石，因为燧石较之其他石头更容易成形。他们也可能用过木头和兽皮，但这类东西早已腐烂殆尽。石头是不会腐烂的。因此，尽管制造这些工具的人的骨头早已荡然无存，但远古时代的石头工具却保存了下来。

笔记
问：中国人如果学一口地道的英语？
亚历山大：
Don’t be offended by my answer. You can’t. You will always think as a Chinese and speak Chinglish. When you learn your mother tongue, you also acquire the mental set that goes with it.

老幼病残孕专座：
Priority seat “优先”
Priority for disabled people
Other people may also need to sit more than you.

保守：Dinosaur
夸张：
Hyperbole /Overstatement/ Exaggeration
It seemed millions of ages since I saw you last time. 好久不见
The noise can wake up the dead.吵死人了
Finding fossil man 寻找远古人类
翻译：
世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。
The last generation museums are devoted to natural history, which show the evolutionary changes of the earth and organisms through fossils and specimens.
翻译：
暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合一起。
Scattered across every continent
Read of =read about 读到…有关情况 间接获得信息
It was said to read of the dead of Jackson in this morning’s paper.
Read for degree读学位（不及物动词）
I’m reading for a degree in Oxford.
Near east: turkey, Israel, Syria, Jordan, Sandi Arabia
Middle east:连音[mid-list]
Beatles 披头四

Beetles 甲壳虫
Peoples民族
Times时代
Advices通知
Ages 很长一段时间
Airs 氛围
Don’t put on airs.别装
Manners 礼仪
Minutes 会议记录
Quarters 住所
Sands 沙滩
Spirits 情绪
All over the world =various parts of the world
Home town=family home
Mother tongue =first language
We hung on the teacher’s every word.
We filed into the toilet.鱼贯而入
I love my charade.字谜
The charade is the apple of my eye.掌上明珠
The food is a great luxury.太好吃了
On my home-ward way=on my way home
用词的变化性
Recount as
Hand down=give or leave sth to people
The ring has been handed down in my family.祖传
Bring down=carry down =come down=descend down
Arm in arm
I eat chicken drum with my fingers.鸡腿
I wore 11 rings on my fingers.
I wore 2 watches on my wrists.
Let me read your palm.
Shake hands
At hand在手边
Set one’s hand to do 着手
Join hands to do 携手
Watch with folded hands 袖手

He had a hand in it 插手
Contestants 选手
Gunner炮手
Standard bearer旗手
We start from scratch. 白手起家
大手大脚He spends extravagantly. /He throws money around.
Index finger食指
Toe
Thumb
How many fingers do you have? 8
Cup热饮
Glass冷饮
我并不乐意离开故土去外国定居
I don’t want to leave my native soil and take up residence (migrate to ) in a foreign country.
Denizen =occupant =resident =dweller =inhabitant
On the safari, the hunters stalked the ferocious denizens of the jungle.
Safari 捕猎队
Ferocious 凶猛的
Stalk 蹑手蹑脚的
Domicile =Abode=Dwelling=Residence=House
Sojourn =temporary stay逗留
I sojourned in Beijing for 13 days.
Because the puritans were persecuted, they migrated to us.
第一次出现时，代词只出现在从句。
In winter many birds migrated to the south in search of a more temperate climate.
Anthologist
Paleontological
Paleo=old
Paleoanthropologist古人类学家
Paleontologist 古生物学家
Pale zoologist
Sabre toothed cats剑齿虎
Ancient VS archaic
She was wearing an ancient sweater. Worn-out
Ancient 略贬义
无贬义的：
Ancient rituals 古老的仪式
Ancient coins 古币
Ancient history 古代史
Archaic
过去一段特定的时间用过或流行，而现在依然存在
Thee is an archaic form of you.汝是你的过去用法。
The first people 原始人类
He works as a farmer.表身份职业
As+单数名词
The water is as cold as ice.
As+比较
Like介词+N(状语)
He cried like a baby.
He cried as a baby.

The strength of the storm is such that it destroys a great many houses.
1so后形容词变名词作主语
2同位语从句
3such提前

Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end.
Such is the success of some plays that run for years on end.

Skin=out covering
Scalp头皮
Eyelid眼睑
Fur
Pelt兽皮
Leather=hide 皮革
Skin 动植物的外皮grape skin
Apple peel
Watermelon rind 西瓜皮
Shell 坚果皮
Shell of a walnut/peanut
Polish 打磨

Lesson 2
Spare that spider
不要伤害蜘蛛

First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。

How much of each year do spiders spend killing insects?

Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the harm to us or our belongings.
Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and insect never more than six.
How many spiders are engaged in this work no our behalf? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.

T. H. GILLESPLE Spare that spider from The Listener

New words and expressions
beast
n. 野兽
census
n. 统计数字
acre
n. 英亩
content
adj. 满足的

参考译文
你可能会觉得奇怪， 蜘蛛怎么会是我们的朋友呢？因为它们能消灭那么多的昆虫，其中包括一些人类的大敌，要不是人类受一些食虫动物的保护，昆虫就会使我们无法在地球上生活下去，昆虫会吞食我们的全部庄稼，杀死我们的成群的牛羊。我们要十分感谢那些吃昆虫的鸟和兽，然而把它们所杀死的昆虫全部加在一起也只相当于蜘蛛所消灭的一小部分。此外，蜘蛛不同于其他食虫动物，它们丝毫不危害我们和我们的财物。
许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫，但它们不是昆虫，甚至与昆虫毫无关系。人们几乎一眼就能看出二者的差异，因为蜘蛛都是8条腿，而昆虫的腿从不超过6条。
有多少蜘蛛在为我们效力呢？一位研究蜘蛛的权威对英国南部一块草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次调查。他估计每英亩草坪里有225万多只蜘蛛。这就是说，在一个足球场上约有600万只不同种类的蜘蛛。蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃昆虫。它们一年中消灭了多少昆虫，我们简直无法猜测，它们是吃不饱的动物，不满意一日三餐。据估计，在英国蜘蛛一年里所消灭昆虫的重量超过这个国家人口的总重量。
问姓名的巧妙方式：How can I forget you?
Even

Odd
Parady恶搞
Pose the spiderman

The things that will destroy us
Politics without principle;
Pleasure without conscience;
Wealth without work;
Knowledge without character;
Business without morality;
Science without humanity;
Worship without sacrifice.

Insect sect=cut/divide section
Dissect 解剖 dis=away
Segment
Section
Longitudinal /cross
Intersect交叉 between A and B
Transect横切 from A to B
The waiter brought us a dish of orange segment.
Tangerine橘子
The architect drew the house in section.
How many times do the road and railway intersect on this map?

Component ingredient constituent
Proportion fraction percentage
Episode clip extract installment excerpt chapter
Factor element feature
Dimension inherent
High proportion of people 大部分人
Fraction of a second/inch 毫厘之差
Factor 因素 element 要素
Feature 特色 与整体大部分不一样的
Dimension 维
Louis cha wrote his martial fictions in weekly installment for a magazine.
The software make is possible.
The advent of sister lotus has brought us a new dimension of entertainment and competition.
The sole redeeming feature of this job is the salary.
Correct misconceptions
Be engaged in 忙于
Try to position as the writer does想如作者所想，分析文章的正确方法
Unconditional support 无条件支持
Function功能
Form 形式
Contents内容
Can the leopard change its spots?无疑而问，积习难改
Inductive引导性
No question
Why we use AC定语从句
Generosity
Coherence
Reading label
Comment-evidence
To do
it
that+s
colon semicolon
slice mash squash
pinch sprawl squint
Wink grin sweep scour
Blink hobble soar plunge thrust
flocks and herds群
if it were not for 要不是
Inversion subjunctive mood
if a(had, should, were)
in my shoes处在我的位置上
if your disease had been detected earlier, it could have been cured.
If I were not to be admitted by the Harvard, I would set up business with you.
Had should were 条件句+虚拟+倒装
Were you in my position

Without it 反正陈述

why 命题 so

exception例外
sA always assuming that +s
over punctual 早到 unpunctual 迟到
You will be punctual always assuming there is no traffic on the road.
Without the protection
Put together全部
A fraction of the number (which was) destroyed.
赞美结构
A is enough

B is more
Lose but diverse
As I know
As many people think,
Spiders are not insects.
…not…as I know
Spiders are not insects, as many people think.
不支持引述
As I had anticipated, he resit the exam.

He did not resit the exam as I had anticipated.

Keep low profile
Perseverance

Words you are obliged to memorized 80%
Words that appeal to you 20%
识别能力最重要
Comprovise即兴
Cork screw 葡萄酒起瓶器
开球：
You serve the ball.
Sentences
For compositions
For everyday English
Make time 抓紧时间
As I know 用as is known
Statistics
Illustrate
As is illustrated by the statistics
就象统计数字所解释说明的那样
Bar graph柱状图
Line graph
Not…nor 不，也不
Nor (are they) nearly related to them
Nor 永远倒装
Richard 没有象我期待的那样和我保持联络。
Richard didn’t correspond with me, as I anticipated, nor did he send a message to me even in the new year.
Tell the difference辨别差别
Distinguish
An insect (have) never=not more than 6
Be fully occupied 很忙
On behalf of 为/代表
Fellow apprentices徒弟
He agreed to testify on behalf of the accused man.
I intervened on her behalf to try to get the decision changed.

Fact / authority / quotation
事实/权威/引言
Make a census
Estimate
Be busy (in) doing
Wildly 极度地 wildest guess
Beyond the wildest estimation/thought/imagination/hope
Finding a good job in NOS is more than my wildest dream.
我做梦也没有想过能在新东方找到一份工作。
Hungry? Comment—evidence
(For) they are content with 知足
正在被/有待
Under sth/remain to be done
Control /repair/study/treat/suspect
Consider/examine/investigate/inspect
All the insects (which are) destroyed by spiders.
社会主义生产资料所有制
A B C
稳定性 N 随机性
But 去掉
Reality doesn’t bite, rather our perception of reality bites.
Per渗透 ceive
Perceptive敏锐
Sixth sense
Intuition直觉 my intuition is telling me.
Telepathy 心电感应I have the telepathy with you.
Premonition预感
Sense of déjà vu
证明其存在 detect
Snoop 窥视 pry 窥探 probe into 详细调查
Note 发现并记录 perceive
It should be noted that
The journalist was probing into several financial scandals.
Perspire 出汗(渗透性呼吸)
I don’t want them prying into my affairs.
Stress is widely perceived as contributing to heart disease.
It should be noted that the witness did not recognize the defendant.

Regard A as B perceive A as B
Opaque 不透明的hazy
Transparent
Frosted
文章结构
Several cases have been reported …Fact

Find

Analysis

S, as it did in the case of sb.
Troubles never come singlely.祸不单行
Rolling stones gather no moss.
S and you can deduce it in the following example.
The following example can enable to judge for yourself.

Lesson 3
Matterhorn man
马特霍恩山区人

First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。

What was the main objective of early mountain climbers?

Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top, because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it and never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner with would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal -- the top!
It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine village tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could -- sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have very hard indeed.
WALTER UNSWORTH Matterhorn Man

New words and expressions 生词和短语

Matterhorn
n. 马特霍恩峰（阿尔卑斯山之一，在意大利和瑞士边境）