1、讲义 专题三:形容词和副词 形容词: 一、 定义:形容词是用来修饰名词的词,描述名词的性质、外观、特点。 二、 功能:能做定语、表语、补足语 三、 形容词的种类 1、 定语形容词(修饰形容词)和表语形容词 (1)定语形容词:即做定语的形容词,“n.+y”(healthy. lucky)、 以“ly”结尾(lovely. friendly)、“n.+al”(national. central)、从前/后来的(former. later)、内/外部的(inner. outer)、年长、唯一(elder. only) * 定语形容词一般置于名词前,但如下情况需后置: A.形容词做定
2、语修饰由some-, Any-, Every, No-和-body, thing-, one等构成的符合不定代词时需后置。 There is nobody absent today. B. 以-able或-ble结尾的形容词可置于由形容词最高级或only等词修饰的名词前面。 That is the best book available. C. 成对形容词后置。 She has many pencils, blue and red. D. 形容词短语一般后置。 A man difficult to get on with five years ol
3、d E. 当old, long, high, wide, deep 等词附有数量短语作定语时,需后置。 At that time she was only a girl five years old. (2) 表语形容词 :做表语的形容词,以前缀“a-”开头的(alive. asleep)、健康(well. faint)、情感和心理状态(glad. sorry) He was asleep. I’m glad to meet you. * 表语形容词并非只能做表语,它们还可以做补足语,有的还可以做后置定语(但不能做前置定语). Th
4、e people, and the people alone, are the motive force in the making of world history. (补足语) 人民,只有人民,才是创造世界的动力。 四、定冠词the + 形容词”表示一类人或物,作“主语或宾语”,意思为“……的一种人”,“……的一类东西或事情”。 The new will take the place of the old . (新事物将代替旧事物。) 五、加-ed的形容词表示“人感到如何”,加-ing的形容词则用来描写事物, 如: We were excited when
5、 we heard the exciting news. 六、 多个形容词做定语时的排列顺序(高考考点) 当两个以上的形容词修饰名词时,与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词;如果密切程度差不多,则音节少的在前,多的在后。an exciting American film 限定词 描绘外观 形状 龄 色 国 材 冠词前的形容词 冠词 指示代词 不定代词 物主代词 序数词 基数词 性质状态 大小 长短 新旧程度 颜色 国籍 产地 材料 质地 名词 All Both Such The, a This An
6、other Your Second Next One Four Beautiful Good Poor Large Short Square New Cool Black Cool Chinese London Silk Stone 练习排序:white beautiful Chinese The first wood little 名词:bridge The first beautiful little white Chinese wood bridge
7、 副词: 一、 定义和功能:用来修饰动词(系动词除外)、形容词、其他副词或整个句子。副词在句子中主要用作状语,表示时间,方式,程度,范围。许多副词皆由形容词加-ly 构成,如:careful-carefully. 二、 分类: 1 时间副词 Soon now early finally once recently 5 频度副词 Usually often weekly twice 2 地点副词 Here nearby outside upwards above 6 疑问副词 How where when why 3 方式副词 Hard well fast
8、 slowly really 7 连接副词 How when where whether however 4 程度副词 Very much too quite so just 8 关系副词 When where why 三、 副词的位置:(高考考点) A. 方式副词:短在前,长在后,并用and或but等连词连接。 He spoke slowly and carefully. B. 两个或两个以上的同类副词或副词短语在一起时,一般遵循“具体在前,笼统在后”或“小的在前,大的在后”的原则 We met at the schoo
9、l gate at 4 on the afternoon.(时间副词) C. 多个不同副词排列: 程度+方式+地点+时间副词 She sat quietly(方式)+in the room (地点)for an hour.(时间) 三、 副词 enough 的用法 (1) 作副词用来修饰形容词、副词时要放在所修饰词的后面 Brave enough Strangely enough (2) Cannot 与 enough 连用时,表示“再。。。也不为过” You cannot be careful enough. 你再细心也不为过。 形容词和副词的比较
10、级和最高级:(高考考点) 一、 平级比较 (1) 用as…as… , such … as…, not…as/so…as… , the same as…引导 Henry is a worker as good as Peter. ( as good a worker as ‘as +形容词+(a/an+)名词+as’, such a good worker as ) (2) as + adj. + as + 数量词 = 数量词 + 形容词 The building is as tall as 100 meters. = The building is 100 meters tall
11、 二、 比较级 (1) “the + 比较级…,the + 比较级” 表示“越。。。,越。。。” The longer you stay, the better (it will be). (2) “比较级+ and + 比较级 ”, 表示“越来越。。。” Guiling is become more and more beautiful. (3) 用介词by表示相差的程度。 She is taller than I by three inches. = she is three inches taller than I. (4) 一个人的两种性质的比较,用 more… t
12、han …结构,意为:“与其。。。不如。。。。” I think she’s more shy than unfriendly. 与其说她不友好,不如说她害羞。 (5) 比较的对象相容的用如下句型: Any other + 单n. All (the ) other + 复n. 比较级 + than + anyone else Any of the other + 复 n. The rest of + 复 n. / u.
13、n. China is larger than any other country in Asia. (6) 比较级的修饰语,常见的有:比较级前可用a bit, a little, rather, some(肯定句及请求或建议的问句中), any(否定句或疑问句中)表示“稍稍,一点”;用much, far, a great/good deal, a lot, lots, a good bit等表示“……得多”。 The students study even harder than before. 三、 最高级 (1) 表示某人某物“最……”时,用“the+形容词最高级+比较范围
14、句型。 Asia is by far the largest of the seven continents. She writes (the) most carefully of the three. (2) 否定+ 比较级= 最高级 He has never spent a more worrying day. 他度过了最担心的一天。 (3) 最高级的修饰语,常见的有:序数词,by far, nearly, almost等。(其他见书P23 三、1) The bridge being build now is by far the longest across the Ye
15、llow river. 四、 形容词的倍数表达(高考考点) (1)…times as + adj./adv. 原+ as… (2)…times + the + 性质n. + of… (3)…times + adj./adv. 比+ than… (4)the + n.+ be +…times +what从句 (5)the +n. + be +…times + that/those of… The output of this year is 3 times what it was in 2008. (times that of ) At a rough estimate, Nigeria is three times the size of Great Britain. ( three times as big as, twice bigger than ) 补充:几组易混形容词、副词的比较(书P24 四)
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