非谓语动(现在分词及过去分词).doc

非谓语动词
——现在分词
一、定义
现在分词是由v+ing构成，具有动词的特征，在功能上具有adj.和adv.的特点，在句中可以做定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语等。
二、结构

主动语态
被动语态
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
注：其否定形式是在doing之前加上not, never,但是位置不同。Not直接放在doing之前，即，not dong/not being done/not having done/not having been done.但在having done结构中，never应放在having和done之间，即，having never done。
翻译：Having never been there/Not having been there, I can’t tell you what the place is like.
1. 一般式：由v+ing构成，语态上表现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，在时间上表示进行或与谓语动词同时发生/存在的动作或状态。
填空：1) The girl ______(sing) for us is ten years old.
2) _______(wear) a new pair of glasses, she can read easily.
2. 完成式：having+done，语态上表示该现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，在时间上表示已完成或先于谓语动词的动作或状态。
填空：1) _______(receive) the letter, I know everything is all right.
2) ________(have) my supper, I went out for a walk.
3. 被动式：1）being done 2）having been done，语态上表示该现在分词短语与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系；时间上being done表示和谓语动词同时发生，having been done表示在谓语动词之前已发生或完成。
填空：The building _________(build) will be completed next year.
三、现在分词的用法及功能
（一）作定语
1. 现在分词作定语时其逻辑主语为其所修饰的名词。单个现在分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前，现在分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后。
填空：1）__________________(站在窗户旁边的那个人) is our teacher.
2) ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（那个正在睡觉的女孩）is his daughter.
2. 有些现在分词作定语时表示正在发生的动作，这些现在分词若改为定语从句宜用进行时态，此时doing既表主动又表进行。
改写下列句子：
1） Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise?

2) The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.

3. 有些现在分词作定语时表示经常性动作或现在/当时的状态，此类现在分词若改为定语从句宜用一般时态，而不宜用进行时态，此时doing仅表主动，无进行意义。
改写下列句子：
1） They stayed at a hotel standing by the lake.

2)The temple standing on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty.

4. 不及物动词作定语因其无宾语无被动，因此常用-ing形式。
填空：___________(bark) dogs seldom bite.
5. 现在分词的被动式（being done）一般不能用作前置定语，而作后置定语。
结构：n.+ being done
填空：We must keep a secret of the things_____________(discuss) here.
6. 完成时的分词一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。
判断正误：1）The girl having won the race is my deskmate.
2) The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.
7. v-ing形式可起到非限制性定语从句的作用，常用逗号与主句分开。
改写句子：
Tom, wearing beautiful clothing, followed me down the hill.

8. 有时我们可用一个adv./n.+v-ing形式组成一个合成分词用作定语。
翻译：1) hard-working people
2) a shoe-making factory
3) an English-speaking country
（二）作表语
现在分词作表语往往表示主语所具有的特征或性质，起形容词作用，意为“使人/令人感到…..的”，且其逻辑主语就是句子主语。
翻译：1）The news is exciting.
2) What you said is really inspiring.
现在分词做表语，常见的词有：exciting, interesting, disappointing, discouraging, encouring,puzzling,surprising,confusing,amusing,astonishing,shocking,entertaining, embarrassing等，这些分词几乎已变成形容词，前常可用副词修饰。
（三）做宾语补足语
分词一般在两类动此后做宾补：感官动词和使役动词。这种用法中的现在分词表其和前面的宾语有逻辑上的“主+表”或“主+谓”关系，表“主+谓”关系时，强调动作正在进行，和宾语关系为主动。
1） 感官动词有：一感：feel;二听：hear, listen to;五看：see observe, notice, watch, look at,此外还有find, smell等。
2） 使役动词有：catch/set/have/get/start/leave/keep/not have+ sb+ doing
填空：1）We all found his equipment_____________(interest).
2) She smelt something___________(burn).
3) The joke set them all__________(laugh).
4) I have kept you__wait) a long time.
注：感官动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合结构，但两者有区别，用现在分词表动作正在发生，即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束；用不定式表示动作已结束或经常性习惯性反复发生的动作。
填空：1）I saw the girl_________(get) on the bus at that time.
2) I saw the girl__________(get) into the car and drive off.
(四)作状语
1. 分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。Doing表示其和句子主语关系为主动关系，且和谓语动词同时发生或当时正在进行的动作；being done表示其和句子主语关系为被动关系，且和谓语动词同时发生或当时正在进行的动作；having done表其和句子主语关系为主动，且在谓语动词之前发生的动作；having been done/done表其和句子主语关系为被动，且在谓语动词之前发生。
填空：1) ______________(show) around the factory, they were very happy.
2) _______________(lay) a board on the ground, he went to bed.
2. 分词可以作时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、伴随、让步等状语，分别相当于同类状语从句。
判断下列分词结构属于哪一类：
1) Working on the farm, he learned a lot.
2) When/while crossing the street, you must be careful.
3) Being ill, I stayed at home.
4) It rained hard, causing floods in the city.
5) Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
6) He came to school running.
7) He arrived home, singing and dancing.
8) Working harder, you’ll be No.1 in your class.
9)On seeing a policeman, the thief ran away.
3. 当分词的逻辑主语为句子主语时，我们既可以用从句形式也可以用分词形式；但当出现主语不一致的情况时，即句子主语不能作分词状语的逻辑主语，句子不成立，我们应用从句形式，而不宜用非谓语动词形式作状语。
判断：1) Turning around, an old man was seen walking towards the river.
2) Turning around, we saw an old man walking towards the river.
3) When we turned around, an old man was seen walking towards the river.
4) When we turned around, we saw an old man walking towards the river.
4. stand,sit,lie加doing做伴随状语，表两动作同时发生。
填空：We sat there ___________(talk) to each other.
5.系动词属于不及物动词，作状语时应用doing形式。
填空：_________(feel) sick, she didn’t go to school.
四、动名词与现在分词作定语时的比较
判断：1）a walking stick = a stick that is used for walking
2) a swimming girl = a girl who is swimming
注意：动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的用途，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰名词的性质或正在进行的动作，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，常可以扩展成一个含有进行时态的定语从句。
五、有时用一个分词短语修饰整个句子作状语，分词形式不受主语影响，常常为一些固定结构。
常见此类结构：generally speaking; broadly speaking; strictly speaking; narrowly speaking; judging from/by; frankly speaking
但，to tell the truth; to tell you the truth

过去分词
一、动词过去分词的结构特征
1.动词过去分词通常是由动词原形后加-ed构成，但也有不规则的形式。过去分词仍保留动词的许多特征，因此在从句中可有自己的状语和逻辑主语，带双宾语的及物动词构成的过去分词还可以有自己的宾语。
2.含义：与现在分词不同，过去分词表被动含义，表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上，只有一种形式，即：done。
二、基本用法
过去分词有动词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可做定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语和状语。Done 1）同时表被动和完成，此时为vt. 2）只表完成，此时为vi. 3）只表被动，此时为vt.
（一）作定语
1.单个过去分词作定语时前置，过去分词短语作定语要后置,如要表示强调，单个动词过去分词也可以做后置定语；其逻辑主语为被其修饰的名词；过去分词和其逻辑主语关系为被动。
注：与分词的逻辑主语是主动关系且表示进行的应用现在分词。
填空：1）The_______(lose) time can never be found again.
2) It is an _________(interest) book.
3) Money ________(spend) is more than money ___earn).
2.作定语的过去分词通常来自及物动词，带有被动或被动完成意义，相当于一个含有被动语态或被动完成语态的定语从句。
改写句子：1) We like skating in the frozen lake in winter.

2)What’s the language spoken in that country?

3.来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置定语，能作这样用的仅限于以下几个词，这些仅表完成意义，不表示被动意义。
翻译：1) fallen leaves = leaves that have fallen
falling leaves = leaves that are falling
2) a retired teacher = a teacher who has retired
3) developed countries = countries which have developed
developing countries = countries which are developing
4) the risen sun = the sun that has just risen
the rising sun = the sun that is rising
5) boiling water = water that is boiling
boiled water = water that has boiled
6) freezing weather = weather that is freezing
frozen river = river that has frozen
4.过去分词（短语）还可以做插入语，相当于一个含有被动语态的非限制性定语从句
改写句子：His new book, published last month, is about his own experiences in the countryside.

（二）作表语
1.过去分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态，其逻辑主语就是句子主语。用作表语的过去分词大多来自及物动词，不及物动词的过去分词能做表语的只限于少数表示位移的动词，如go, come等，它们做表语，表示完成意义，无被动意义。
填空：1) His hair is nearly all _______(go).
2) The man looked quite __________(disappoint).
注：已经形容词化了的过去分词大多可做表语，意为“对…感到…的”，常见的accomplished,amazed,amused,astonished,broken,closed,completed,confused,crowded,devoted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,excited,frightened,hurt,interested,lost,satisfied,surprised,worried等。
2.过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别
被动语态表示一个动作，过去分词作表语表示主语的特点或所处的状态，两者在时态上也有区别。
判断：1) The glass is broken.
2) The glass was broken by him.
3. seat oneself = be seated ; hide oneself = be hidden ; lose oneself = be lost ; be drunk ; dress oneself = be dressed
注：get done = be done e.g. get drunk/lost/dressed/caught/broken
填空：1) He _______________(seat) on a bench.
2) He _______________(hide) behind the dinner.
3) He _______________(drink) at the dinner.
(三)作宾语补足语和主语补足语
1.过去分词做宾语补足语,其逻辑主语就是其前的宾语。常用结构：主+谓+宾+宾补。可带过去分词做宾补的词有：1）感官动词一感：feel;二听：hear, listen to;五看：see,observe,notice,watch,look at,此外还有find,smell + sb./sth.+done 2)使役动词make,have,get,keep,leave,let+sb./sth.+done,表示宾语和宾补的逻辑关系为被动完成，此时应用及物动词；如只表完成，此类动词常用不及物动词。
填空：1) Is this the plan that our manager wants to see______________(carry out)?
2) He tried to make himself ___________(understand) by others.
3) I heard her________(sing) an English song just now.
4) I heard her ________(sing) an English song just now.
5) I heard the English song ________(sing) many times.
注：have sth. done 1)请/叫/让别人（替自己）做某事 2）表示主语的不幸遭遇
翻译：1) have one’s hair cut 2)have one’s wallet stolen
3) have one’s leg broken
2.having done(现在分词完成式)不可以做补足语。
判断正误：1）I saw the job well done.
2) I saw the job having been well done.
3.vi.的过去分词做宾补表完成和状态。
翻译：I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.
4.把宾补的句子变为被动语态，原来的宾补就变为了主语补足语。
把下列句子变为被动：
1) I heard her________(sing) an English song just now.

2) I heard her ________(sing) an English song just now.

3) I heard the English song ________(sing) many times.

5. want/wish/like/expect + sth. (to be) + done
（四）作状语
1.过去分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步或伴随等，相当于含有被动的同类状语从句；用作状语从句的过去分词通畅来自及物动词；过去分词作状语时，往往表示句子主语动作的一部分，所以其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致，表示和主语的关系为被动、完成，此时用having been done或done形式，也可纯粹表被动，此时只需用done。
判断下列过去分词属于哪种状语并改成相应的状语从句：
1) Asked about his family, he made no answer.

2) Seriously injured, he was sent to hospital immediately.

3) Given another chance, I would have done the job better.

4) The headmaster came in, followed by a group of students.

2. 根据需要，过去分词前也可以加上when, while, if, as if/though, though, once, unless, even if/though, although等, 即状语从句中的省略结构。
注：状语从句省略的条件：1）当主句的主语和从句主语相同或者从句主语为it时，2）从句中的谓语动词为be动词时，可以省略从句中的主语和be动词，而保留连词和be动词之后的部分。
结构：连词+doing/to do/done/表语，+主句.
翻译：1）即便是被邀请，我也不会参加宴会。

2）尽管出生在德国，约翰却在美国生活和工作。

3.还有一些固定结构作状语，词形不可随便改变：provided/providing (that)-clause“倘若，在…条件下”, suppose/supposing (that)-clause“倘若，假如”, given + n./pron., given (that)-clause“如果有…,假定是…,考虑到…,设想到…”，seeing (that)-clause“鉴于，由于，既然，因为”,considering (that)…“鉴于/考虑到……”,according to…“依据……”，including…“包括……”，owing to …“由于……”,considering“鉴于，考虑到”
填空：1) ________(give) his support, I think we’ll win the election.
2) I shall go ___________(provide) it doesn’t rain.
3) __________(suppose) this is not the right way to the station, what shall we do?
独立主格结构
1.定义：使用独立主格结构是因为出现了与句子主语不一致的情况，也就是说：一般情况下，分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子主语，但是一旦分词有了自己独立的特有的逻辑主语时，就需要在其前加上名词普通格或代词主格充当它的逻辑主语,此时，作为状语的分词的逻辑主语不再是句子主语。
2.结构：1）名词普通格/代词主格doing/done/to do/n./adj./adv./prep-phrase
注：doing表现在分词和前面主语之间的关系为主动、进行；done表和前面主语之间的关系为完成、被动；to do表示主动、将要发生；to be done表被动、将来；n./adj./adv./prep-phrase则表其逻辑主语的状态和性质。
2）there be结构的独立主格形式为：there being/there to be/there having been,要根据与谓语动词的先后关系确定be动词的形式。
3)It +表“时间,天气,距离”等概念的词
3.功能：独立主格结构在句中作状语，和分词的功能一样。
4. with/without复合结构既可看作介词短语，在句子中作定语；也可看作独立主格结构，常在句中充当状语。它由“with＋宾语＋补语”组成，其中，宾语和宾补之间必须有逻辑一致关系。其结构为：with/without＋宾语+ adv./prep/adj.(表介词宾语的状态、性质)/doing(主动，同时)/being done(正在被)/done(被动或完成)/ to do(与宾语有动宾关系,且句中存在其逻辑主语，表示将要发生的动作)
填空：1) The man lay there, his hand ___________(tremble).
2) There _____( be ) no buses, we had to walk home.
3) It ____( be ) Sunday, the library doesn’t open.
4) The weather___________(fine), we decided to go on an outing.
5) The question___________(settle), we went home.
6) ________________(会议结束)， we all went home.
7) The teacher came in,_______________(手里拿着一本书).
8) He suggested going for a picnic, Mary____________(provide) the food.
9) With lots of work ________(do), we had to work hard.
10) With the years________(pass), his hair became white.
11) Do you know the girl with a basket________在背上).

练习：
1.__________no bus, we had to walk home.
A. There being B. Being
C. Having been D. There was
2._______no bus, we had to walk home.
A. As there being B. As there was C. Being D. There was
3._______Sunday, the library doesn't open.
A. Being B. There being
C. It being D. Having been
4.______Sunday, the library doesn't open.
A. As it being B. Being C. It is D. As it is
5._________, the train started.
A. The signal given B. Giving the signal
C. The signal being given D. The signal giving
6.__________, the train started.
A. After having given the signal B. After the signal given
C. Giving the signal D. After the signal was given
7._________, the text became easier for us to learn.
A. Explaining new words B. New words explained
C. Being explained new words D. Having explained new words
8.______________, the text became easier for us to learn.
A. When new words were explained B. Explaining new words
C. New words explaining D. Being explained new word
9.___________, the patient can leave the hospital.
A. Better conditions B. Conditions better
C. Conditions are better D. Being better conditions
10._________, the patient can leave the hospital.
A. If better conditions B. If conditions better
C. If conditions are better D. Being better conditions
11.________, we’d like to go outing.
A. Being Sunday B. Sunday OK
C. Sunday is OK D. If Sunday OK
12.___________, we’d like to go outing.
A. If Sunday is OK B. Sunday being OK
C. Sunday OK D.A,B and C
13._________, you can wait a while.
A. The play being still on B. The play still on
C Being still on the play D.A and B
14._________, so you can wait a while
A. The play is still on B. The play being still on
C. As the play is still on D. The play still on
15.The boy followed the nobleman here, ___________.
A. a sword in hand B. a sword in his hand C. being a sword in hand D. sword in hand
16.The boy followed the nobleman here ___________.
A. with a sword in his hand B. with a sword in hand C. with a sword being in hand D. a sword being in hand
17.He left the office, __________.
A. tears being in eyes B. tears in eyes
C. being tears in eyes D. with tears being in eyes
18.The factory produced many famous cars, none of ____ shipped to foreign countries.
A. them B. which C. it D. what
19.All flights ____ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
A. having been cancelled B. had been cancelled
C .have been cancelled D. being cancelled
20.The manager was very angry, for he had sent his business partner two thousand machines yesterday, half of ___ unqualified.
A. them B. what C. which D. whom

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