第三章-The-Roman-Period.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,20/9/1,#,CHAPTER,3THE,ROMAN,PERIOD,I.,The,western,mediterranean,to,509,b.c.e.,II.,From,city,to,empire,509-146,b.c.e.,III.,Republican,civilization,Iv.,Imperial,rome,146,b.c.e.,192,c.e.,v.,The,Augustan,Age,and,the,Pax,of,Romana,I.,western,mediterranean,to,509,b.c.e.,Carthage:,the,merchants,of,Baal,Italys,first,civilization,Etruscans,dominance,Rome wasnt built in a day.,western,Mediterranean,Civilization came late to the,western Mediterranean,carried in the ships of Greeks and Phoenicians.While the great floodplain civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt and the,Greek communities of the eastern Mediterranean,were developing sophisticated systems of urban life and political organization,western Europe and Africa knew only the scattered villages of simple farmers and pastoralists.These populations,such as the Ligurians of northern Italy,were the descendants of,Neolithic,peoples only remotely touched by the developments in the,East,.,Italys,first,civilization:,Etruscan,civilization,The,Etruscans,formed the most powerful nation in pre-Roman Italy.They created the first great civilization on the peninsula,whose influence on the Romans as well as on present-day,culture,is,increasingly recognized.Evidence suggests that it was the Etruscans who taught the Romans the alphabet and numerals,along with many elements of architecture,art,religion,and dress.,The,chronology of Etruscan,history,and civilization,Etruscan frieze;in the National Archaeological Museum,Siena,Italy,.,Timur Kulgarin/S,The,chronology of Etruscan,civilization,Archaeological evidence,from the better-known civilizations of Greece and Rome as well as from those of,Egypt,and the,Middle East,.,Contact,with Greece began around the time that the first Greek colony in Italy was founded(,c.,775750,BCE,),when Greeks from the island of,Euboea,settled at Pithekoussai in the,Bay of Naples,.Thereafter,numerous Greek and Middle Eastern objects were imported into Etruria,and these items,together with Etruscan,artifacts,and works of art displaying Greek or Oriental influence,have been used to generate relatively precise dates along with more general ones.,Etruscan,member,of an ancient people of Etruria,Italy,between the Tiber and Arno rivers west and south of the Apennines,whose urban civilization reached its height in the 6th century,BCE,.Many features of Etruscan,culture,were adopted by the Romans,their successors to power in the peninsula.,The,Etruscan period belongs to the 7th century,BCE,the,Archaic period,to the 6th and first half of the 5th century,BCE,the Classical period to the second half of the 5th and the 4th century,BCE,and the Hellenistic period to the 3rd to 1st centuries,BCE,.Etruscan culture became absorbed into Roman civilization during the 1st century,BCE,and thereafter disappeared as a recognizable entity.,On,the,E,tr,uscan,sa,rc,o,phagus,of,La,r,thia,Scianti,a,ma,t,r,o,n,r,eclines,as,at,a,banquet.,M,uc,h,of,our,kn,o,wledge,of,the,first,I,talian,c,i,v,ilization,c,o,mes,f,r,om,the,elabo,r,a,t,e,paintin,g,s,and,statua,r,y,found,in,E,tr,uscan,c,e,me,t,e,r,ies.,II.,From,city,to,empire,509-146,B.C.E.,Latin,Rome,Etruscan,Rome,Rome,and,Italy,Etruscan Dominance,While the,Etruscans,were consolidating their,hegemony,in western Italy,they were at the same time establishing their,maritime,power.From the seventh to the fifth centuries B.C.E.,Etruscans controlled the Italian coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea as well as Sardinia,from which their ships could reach the coast of what is today France and Spain.Attempts to extend farther south into Greek southern Italy and toward the Greek,colonies,on the modern French coast brought the Etruscans and the Greeks into inevitable conflict.Etruscan cities fought sporadic sea battles against Greek cities in the waters of Sicily as well as off the coasts of Corsica and,Etruria.,Etruscan Rome,The,Etruscans,introduced in Latium,especially in Rome,their political,religious,and economic traditions.Etruscan city organization partially replaced Latin tribal structures.Etruscan kings and magistrates ruled Latin towns,increasing the power of traditional,Latin,kingship.The kings not only were religious leaders,but also led the army,served as judges,and held supreme political power.As,Latium,became an integral part of the Etruscan world,the,Tiber,became an important commercial route.For the first time,Rome began to enter the wider orbit of Mediterranean civilization.The towns population swelled with the arrival of merchants and artisans.,Rome and Italy,Just as in,Rome,monarchy,was giving way to oligarchic re-publics across Etruria in the sixth century B.C.E.Rome was hardly exceptional.However,the establishment of the,Roman republic,coincided roughly with the beginning of the,Etruscan decline,allowing Rome to assert itself and to develop its,Latin,and,Etruscan,traditions in unique ways.,Whence,are,these,Romans?,What manner of people were these,Romans,who,from obscure origins,came to rule an empire?Their own answer would have been simple:They were farmers and soldiers,simple people accustomed to simple,straightforward actions.Throughout their long history,Romans liked to refer to the clear-cut models provided by their semi-legendary predecessors:Cincinnatus,the farmer,called away to the supreme office of dictator in time of danger,then returning to his plow;Horatius Cocles,the valiant warrior who held back an Etruscan army on the Tiber bridge until it could be demolished and then,despite his wounds,swam across the river to safety;Lucretia,the wife who chose death after dishonor.These were myths,but they were important myths to Romans,who preferred concrete models to abstract principles.,Etruscan Rome,The,Etruscans introduced in Latium,especially in Rome,their political,religious,and economic traditions.Etruscan city organization partially replaced Latin tribal structures.Etruscan kings and magistrates ruled Latin towns,increasing the power of traditional Latin kingship.The kings not only were religious leaders,but also led the army,served as judges,and held supreme political power.As Latium became an integral part of the Etruscan world,the Tiber became an important commercial route.For the first time,Rome began to enter the wider orbit of Mediterranean civilization.The towns population swelled with the arrival of merchants and artisans.,Rome and Italy,Just,as in Rome,monarchy was giving way to oligarchic re-publics across Etruria in the sixth century B.C.E.Rome was hardly exceptional.However,the establishment of the Roman republic coincided roughly with the beginning of the Etruscan decline,allowing Rome to assert itself and to develop its Latin and Etruscan traditions in unique ways.,III.,Republican,civilization,Roman,religion,The,Roman,Republic,Latin,literature,rEPUBLICAN,CIVILIZATION,Territorial conquest,the influx of unprecedented riches,and exposure to sophisticated,Hellenistic,civilization ultimately overwhelmed,earlier Roman civilization,.This civilization had been created by stubborn farmers and soldiers who valued authority,simplicity,and piety above all else.This unique culture was the source of strength that led Rome to greatness,but its limitations prevented the,republic,from resolving its internal social tensions and the external problems caused by the burden of,empire,.,Roman,religion,These basic attitudes of religion,piety,and office lay at the heart of Roman reverence for order and authority.They extended to other traditional Roman and Latin gods such as Jupiter,the supreme god;Juno,his wife;Mars,the god of war;and the two-faced Janus,spirit of gates and new,beginnings.,The,world,of the gods reflected that of mortals.As the Roman mortal world expanded,so did the divine.Romans were quick to identify foreign gods with their own.Thus Zeus became Jupiter,Hera became Juno,and Aphrodite became,Venus.,Roman,letters,As Rome absorbed foreign gods,it also absorbed foreign letters.From the Etruscans the Romans adopted and adapted the,alphabet,the one in which most,Western languages,are written to this day.,Early Latin inscriptions,are largely funeral monuments and some public notices such as the Law of the,Twelve Tables,.The Roman high priest responsible for maintaining the calendar of annual feasts also prepared and up-dated annals,short accounts of important,religious and secular events,of each year.However,before the third century B.C.E.,apart from extravagant funerary eulogies carefully preserved within families,Romans had no apparent interest in writing or literature as such.,The birth of Latin letters began with Romes exposure to Greek civilization.,The Origins of Latin,Literature,At,the same time that Greeks began to take Rome seriously,Romans themselves became interested in Greece,in particular in the international Hellenistic culture of the eastern Mediterranean.The earliest Latin literary works were clearly adaptations if not translations of Hellenistic genres and texts.Already in 240 B.C.E.,plays in the Greek tradition were said to have been performed in Rome.The earliest extant literary works,ironically for the sober image of the Roman farmer-soldier,are the plays of,Plautus,(ca.254184 B.C.E.)and Terence(186159 B.C.E.),lightly adapted translations of Hellenistic comedies.,IV.,Imperial,Rome,146,B.C.E.,-192,C.E,.,The,Augustan,Age,The,price,of,empire,146-121,B.C.E.,Slave,riots,The,civil,wars,Republican,crisis,The,end,of,the,Republic,Augustan Age,Augustan Age,one of the most illustrious periods in,Latin,literary history,from approximately 43,BC,to,AD,18;together with the preceding,Ciceronian period,(,q.v.,),it forms the,Golden Age,(,q.v.,)of,Latin literature,.Marked by civil peace and prosperity,the age reached its highest literary expression in poetry,a polished and sophisticated verse generally addressed to a patron or to the emperor Augustus and dealing with themes of patriotism,love,and nature.,Augustan,art and literature,One decade alone,29 to 19,BC,saw the publication of,Virgils,Georgics,and the completion of the,Aeneid,;the appearance of,Horaces,Odes,Books IIII,and,Epistles,Book I;the elegies(Books IIII)of,Sextus Propertius,a member of a group of promising young poets under the patronage of Gaius Maecenas;and Books III of the elegies of Tibullus,who was under the patronage of Messalla.During those 10 years also,Livy began his monumental history of Rome,and another historian,Pollio,was writing his important but lost history of recent events.,Ovid,the author of,Metamorphoses,a mythological history of the world from the creation to the,Augustan Age,was the last great writer of the Golden Age;his death in exile in,AD,17 marked the close of the period.,accomplishments,The,culture,of the age undoubtedly attained a high level of excellence,dominated by the personality of the emperor and his accomplishments.Imperial art had already reached full development,a matter of no small moment,because Romes political predominance made the spread of its influence inevitable.The Mediterranean world was soon assuming a Roman aspect,and this is a measure of Augustus extraordinary achievement.,Golden Age,in,Latin literature,the period,from approximately 70,BC,to,AD,18,during which the,Latin language,was brought to perfection as a literary medium and many Latin classical masterpieces were composed.The,Golden Age,can be subdivided into two major sections,the,Ciceronian period,(,q.v.,;7043,BC,),dominated by,Marcus Tullius Cicero,and the,Augustan Age,(,q.v.,;43,BC,AD,18),a period of mature literary achievements by such writers as,Virgil,Horace,and,Livy,.,See also,Silver Age,.,Virgil,also,spelled,Vergil,Latin in full,Publius Vergilius Maro,(born October 15,70,BCE,Andes,near,Mantua,Italydied September 21,19,BCE,Brundisium),Roman poet,best known for his national,epic,the,Aeneid,(from,c.,30,BCE,;unfinished at his death).,Aeneid,tells,the story of,Romes,legendary founder and proclaims the Roman mission to civilize the world under divine guidance.His reputation as a poet endures not only for the music and,diction,of his verse and for his skill in constructing an intricate work on the grand scale but also because he embodied in his,poetry,aspects of experience and behaviour of permanent significance.,The Aeneid,An epic poem composed in celebration of Augustus Caesar and the Roman Empire,The Aeneid,is the story of the Trojan hero Aeneas flight from Troy after the city had been destroyed by the allied armies of Greece.The Aeneid traces his journey to Italy in its first six books(modeled on Homers Odyssey)and describes the battles Aeneas fights to subdue the land(modeled on Homers Iliad)and to lay the foundations for the Roman Empire,according to the destiny assigned him by the gods.The Aeneid presents history as prophecy in order to validate the inevitability and the authority of Augustus Caesar and the Roman EmpireThis essay presents a plot synopsis of the work,places the work within a broader context,and gives discussion questions and essay topics for a more thorough understanding of the poem.,Political Background,During,Virgils youth,as the,Roman Republic,neared its end,the political and military situation in,Italy,was confused and often calamitous.The civil war between,Marius,and,Sulla,had been succeeded by conflict between,Pompey,and,Julius Caesar,for supreme power.When Virgil was 20,Caesar with his armies swooped south from Gaul,crossed the Rubicon,and began the series of civil wars that were not to end until,Augustus,victory at Actium,in 31,BCE,.Hatred and fear of civil war is powerfully expressed by both Virgil and his contemporary,Horace,.The key to a proper understanding of the,Augustan Age,and its poets lies,indeed,in a proper understanding of the turmoil that had preceded the Augustan peace.,Horace,Odes,Quintus Horatius Flaccus(658BCE,),Roman,poet,658 bce.,Author,of some of the most important and influential poetic collections in Latin literature,two books of hexameter Satires,one of iambic Epodes,four of,lyric,Odes,two of hexameter Epistles,and the hexameter Ars poetica.Key themes include symposium,love,friendship,ethics and politics(closely associated with the emperor,Augustus,and his key advisor Maecenas,).,Ovid,Metamorphasis,根据古希腊哲学家,毕达哥拉斯,的“灵魂轮回”理论，用变形，即人由于某种原因被变成动物、植物、星星、石头等这一线索贯穿全书，共包括大小故事,250,多个,(,其中以爱情故事为主,),，是古希腊罗马神话的大汇集。故事按照时间顺序叙述，由宇宙的创立，大地的形成，人类的出现开始，直至罗马的建立，凯撒遇刺变为星辰和奥古斯都顺应天意建立统治为止。诗人运用丰富的想象力，根据神话传说的某些外表联系，把它们串连起来。为了使情节生动，作者采用了不同的叙述手法，使许多著名的古代神话传说得到精彩的描述。作者着力于人物的心理描写。,变形记,原稿在奥维德被流放前已基本完成，但未及最后加工。,v.,The,Augustan,Age,and,the,Pax,of,Romana,Augustus,Poetry,and,patronate,Virgil,(43,B.C.E.,-17,C.E.),Aeneas,Horace,(65-8,B.C.E,.),Divine Augustus.,Augustuss renewal of Rome rested on a religious reform.After the death of Lepidus in 12 B.C.E.,Augustus assumed the office of pontifex maximus and used it to direct a reinvigoration of Roman religion.He restored numerous temples and revived ancient Roman cults.He established a series of public religious festivals,r