翻译三级笔译实务2005年05月(含答案).doc

2005年5月英语三级《笔译实务》试题
Section 1: English-Chinese Translation (英译汉) (60 points)
Translate the following passage into Chinese. The time for this section is 120 minutes.
The importance of agriculture cannot be overstated. Mom than 50 percent of the world's labor force is employed in agriculture. The distribution in the early 1980s ranged from 67 percent of those employed in Africa to less than 5 percent in North America. In Western Europe, the figure was about 16 percent; in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, about 32 percent; and in Asia, about 68 percent.
Farm size varies widely from region to region. Recently the average for Canadian farms was about 186 ha (about 460 acres) per farm, and for U.S. farms, about 175 ha (about 432 acres). The average size of a single landholding in the Philippines, however, may be somewhat less than 3.6 ha (less than 9 acres), and in Indonesia, a little less than 1.2 ha (less than 3 acres).
Size also depends on the purpose of the farm. Commercial farming, or production for cash, is usually done on large holdings. The plantations of Latin America are large, privately owned estates worked by tenant labor. Single-crop plantations produce tea, rubber, cocoa. Wheat farms are most efficient when they comprise some thousands of hectares and can be worked by teams of people and machines. Australian sheep stations and other livestock farms must be large to provide grazing for thousands of animals.
Individual subsistence farms or small-family mixed-farm operations are decreasing in number in developed countries but are still numerous in the developing countries of Africa and Asia. A "back- to-the-land" movement in the U.S. reversed the decline of small farms in New England and Alaska in the decade from 1970 to 1980.
The conditions that determine what will be raised in an area include climate, water supply, and terrain.
Over the 10,000 years since agriculture began to be developed, peoples everywhere have discovered the food value of wild plants and animals and domesticated and bred them. The most important are cereals such as wheat, rice, barley, com and rye.
Agricultural income is also derived from non-food crops such as rubber, fiber plants, tobacco, and oilseeds used in synthetic chemical compounds. Money is also derived from raising animals for pelt.
Much of the foreign exchange earned by a country may be derived from a single commodity; for example, Sri Lanka depends on tea, Denmark specializes in dairy products, Australia in wool, and New Zealand and Argentina in meat products. In the U.S., wheat has become a major foreign exchange commodity in recent years.
The importance of an individual country as an exporter of agricultural products depends on many variables. Among them is the possibility that the country is too little developed industrially to produce manufactured goods in sufficient quantity or technical sophistication. Such agricultural exporters include Ghana with cocoa, and Myanmar with rice. On the other hand, an exceptionally well-developed country may produce surpluses not needed by its own population; this has been true of the U.S., Canada, and some of the West European countries.
Section 2: Chinese-English Translation (汉译英) (40 points)
Translate the following passage into English. The time for this section is 60 minutes.
由于西藏地处“世界屋脊”，自然条件恶劣，也由于几百年落后的封建农奴制社会形成的各种社会历史条件的限制，西藏在全国还属于不发达地区。但是， 50年的发展已经极大地改变了其昔日贫穷落后的面貌，西藏人民生活质量大大提高。社会经济的发展极大地丰富了人民的物质文化生活。2000年，西藏全区各族人民已基本摆脱贫困，实现温饱。部分群众生活达到了小康水平。随着人民生活逐步富裕，冰箱、彩电、洗衣机、摩托车、手表等消费品进入了越来越多寻常百姓家。不少富裕起来的农牧民盖起了新房，有的还购买了汽车。西藏目前的人均居住面积处于全国首位。广播、电视、通信、互联网等现代信息传递手段已深入到人民群众的日常生活。绝大多数地区的百姓能够通过收听收看广播、电视，了解全国和全世界各地的新闻。当地百姓能够通过电话、电报、传真或互联网等手段获取信息资料，并与全国和全世界各地取得联系。由于缺医少药状况得到根本改变，人民群众的健康水平大幅度提高。西藏人均预期寿命由二十世纪五十年代的35.5岁增加到现在的67岁。
参考译文及采分点解析
Section：1英译汉(60分)
[参考译文]
农业的重要性怎样强调都不为过。世界百分之五十以上的劳动力从事农业。
二十世纪八十年代初，农业劳动力的比例在非洲高达百分之六十七，在北美洲则不足百分之五，在西欧约为百分之十六，在东欧和苏联约为百分之三十二，在亚洲则约为百分之六十八。
农场规模因地而异，差别很大。直到最近，加拿大农场的规模平均约为186公顷(约合460英亩)，美国农场的规模约为175公顷(约合432英亩)。但在菲律宾，私人农场的规模平均略少于3.6公顷(不足9英亩)，在印度尼西亚则略少于 1.2公顷(不足3英亩)。
农场的规模还取决于其用途。大农场通常从事商业耕种，或者说为赚钱而生产。拉丁美洲的大庄园就是大片的私有土地，雇人劳动。单一作物的种植园生产茶叶，橡胶或可可。生产小麦的农场最有效益。它们拥有几千公顷土地，雇佣一群群工人，并使用机器。澳大利亚牧羊场和其它畜牧场的规模一定要大到足以能为成千的牲畜提供充足的饲料。
零散的维持生计的个体农场，或者说混合经营的小规模家庭农场，在发达国家已日渐减少，但在非洲和亚洲的发展中国家里仍大量存在。美国的“返回田地”运动扭转了1970至1980这十年间新英格兰和阿拉斯加小农场衰败的局面。
一个地区究竟生产什么取决于它的气候、供水、地形和其它条件。
自有农业以来的一万多年中，各地的人们发现了野生动植物的食用价值，于是将其加以驯化或栽培，最重要的是谷物，如小麦、稻子、大麦，玉米和黑麦。
农业收入还来自非粮食作物，如橡胶、纤维植物、烟草以及可用于生产化学合成品的油料作物。此外；还可通过饲养动物取其皮毛而获利。
一个国家赚取的外汇，很大一部分可能来自某种单一的商品。例如，斯里兰卡依靠茶叶，丹麦专门经营奶制品，澳大利亚出口羊毛，新西兰和阿根廷则出口肉类制品。在美国，近年来小麦已成为其赚取外汇的主要商品。
一个国家是否以出口农产品为主取决于许多可变因素。其中一个因素就是这个国家的工业可能很不发达，无法生产足够数量和技术先进的工业品。这类农产品出口国包括加纳，出口可可，还有缅甸，出口大米。另一方面，特别发达的国家可能生产过剩，大于本国人的需求，美国、加拿大和一部分西欧国家就是这种情况。
[采分点解析]
1． More than 50 percent of the world's labor force is employed in agriculture．世界百分之五十以上的劳动力从事农业。
[分析] 理解结构采分点。
本句采用转态译法，句中的被动语态is employed在翻译过程中要根据汉语习惯译为主动，译成“从事”。
2. The distribution in the early 1980s ranged from 67 percent of those employed in Africa to less than 5 percent in North America. In Western Europe, the figure was about 16 percent; in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, about 32 percent; and in Asia, about 68 percent.
二十世纪八十年代初，农业劳动力的比例在非洲高达百分之六十七，在北美洲则不足百分之五，在西欧约为百分之十六，在东欧和苏联约为百分之三十二，在亚洲则约为百分之六十八。
[分析] 用词选词采分点和理解结构采分点。
distribution“分布，分类在此应根据上下文译成：(农业劳动力的)比例。本句在英语中是两个句子，但在汉语中因表达的均是农业劳动力在各地的比例，就用一个句子来表达，使得文章更简洁，内容更紧凑。
3． Farm size农场规模
[分析] 用词选词采分点/基本素质采分点。
size在此不宜译成“大小”，和farm连用译成“农场规模’更为恰当。本文还有其他一些表达“农场”及相关的用法，有些属固定词组，须注意。 (the average size of)a single landholding私人农场(的平均规模)
plantations 种植园，大庄园
single-crop plantations 单一作物的种植园
sheep stations 牧羊场
other livestock farms 其他畜牧场
individual subsistence farms (零散的维持生计的)个体农场
small-family mixed-farm operations 混合经营的小规模家庭农场
4． Size also depends on the purpose of the farm．农场的规模还取决于其用途。
[分析] 用词选词采分点/理解结构采分点。
depend on依靠，依赖：在此根据上下文译为“取决于”，the purpose of the farm译为“农场的用途”。
5． The plantations of Latin America are large，privately owned estates worked by tenant labor．拉丁美洲的大庄园就是大片的私有土地，雇人劳动。
[分析] 理解结构采分点。
本句采用转态译法和断句译法。在翻译中根据汉语习惯将英语中的被动语态转为主动，过去分词引导的定语从句如放在原句中翻译显得结构复杂，容易混淆，因此将句子拆开翻译。
6． Individual subsistence farms or small-family mixed-farm operations are decreasing in number in developed countries but are still numerous in the developing countries of Africa and Asia．零散的维持生计的个体农场，或者说混合经营的小规模家庭农场，在发达国家已日渐减少，但在非洲和亚洲的发展中国家里仍大量存在。
[分析] 基本素质采分点。
developed country发达国家，developing country发展中国家。它们是专有名词，要用公认的名称来译。
7． A“back-to-the-land” movement in the U．S．reversed the decline of small farms in New England and Alaska in the decade from 1970 to 1980．美国的“返回田地”运动扭转了1970至1980这十年间新英格兰和阿拉斯加小农场衰败的局面。
[分析] 理解结构采分点。
本句采用换序译法。句中的decline后有一个很长的修饰成分，在翻译中可采用断句法将之拆开来译，或用换序译法将修饰成分移到所修饰的词前；本句采用的是第二种方法，还有本句中的reversed the decline of翻译成：扭转了……的衰败(局面)，其中“局面”是根据汉语的习惯加进去的。
8．The conditions that determine what will be raised in an area include climate，water supply， and terrain．一个地区究竟生产什么取决于它的气候、供水、地形和其它条件。
[分析] 理解结构采分点。
本句采用换序译法和转性译法。此句可按逻辑顺序将全句作综合处理并按汉语习惯进行词性转换：将地点状语提前；determine后的宾语从句what will be raised转成动宾词组“究竟生产什么”。
9．Much of the foreign exchange earned by a country may be derived from a single commodity； for example，Sri Lanka depends on tea, Denmark specializes in dairy products，Australia in wool，and New Zealand and Argentina in meat products．一个国家赚取的外汇，很大一部分可能来自某种单一的商品。例如，斯里兰卡依靠茶叶，丹麦专门经营奶制品，澳大利亚出口羊毛，新西兰和阿根廷则出口肉类制品。
[分析] 理解结构采分点。
本句采用换序译法和断句译法，如：Much of the foreign exchange earned by a country译成“一个国家赚取的外汇，很大一部分……”；在后面的举例中用的是并列的短句，且按英语的习惯后面的短句省略了动词，但在译成中文时要将所缺动词内容添上：Sri Lanka depends on tea，Denmark specializes in dairy products，Australia in wool，and New Zealand and Argentina in meat products．斯里兰卡依靠茶叶，丹麦专门经营奶制品，澳大利亚出口羊毛，新西兰和阿根廷则出口肉类制品。
10．Among them is the possibility that the country is too little developed industrially to produce manufactured goods in sufficient quantity or technical sophistication．其中一个因素就是这个国家的工业可能很不发达，无法生产足够数量和技术先进的工业品。
[分析] 理解结构采分点。
注意本句的too…to结构的翻译：…the country is too little developed industrially to produce manufactured goods．in sufficient quantity or technical sophistication．这个国家的工业可能很不发达，无法生产足够数量和技术先进的工业品。
11．Such agricultural exporters include Ghana with cocoa, and Myanmar with rice．这类农产品出口国包括加纳，出口可可，还有缅甸，出口大米。
[分析] 用词选词采分点。
本句使用转性译法：介词with(用，以，有)应按汉语习惯译成动宾词组； Ghana with cocoa，and Myanmar with rice．加纳出口可可，还有缅甸出口大米。
12．On the other hand，an exceptionally well-developed country may produce surpluses not needed by its own population；this has been true of the U．S．，Canada，and some of the West European countries．一方面，特别发达的国家可能生产过剩，大于本国人的需求，美国，加拿大和一部分西欧国家就是这种情况。
[分析] 理解结构采分点。
本句采用断句译法：句中的surpluses后带宾语补足语，在译成汉语时常常被拆开来译，就是把原来的一个复合句拆分成两个句子：an exceptionally well-developed country may produce surpluses not needed by its own population特别发达的国家可能生产过剩，大于本国人的需求。分号后面的句子用换序译法来译。
Section：2 汉译英(40分)
[参考译文]
Tibet, located on the "Roof of the World", is still an underdeveloped area in China because of its harsh natural conditions and various social and historical restrictions formed by centuries of backward feudal serfdom. However, the development of Tibet in the past 50 years has greatly changed its former poor and backward look, and the Tibetan people's living standards have greatly improved. Social and economic development has enriched the people's material and cultural life remarkably. In 2000, people of various ethnic groups in Tibet basically shook off poverty, and had enough to eat and wear. Some of them began to live a better-off life. Along with the improvement in the people's livelihood, consumer goods such as refrigerators, color TV sets, washing machines, motorcycles and wristwatches have entered more and more ordinary homes. Many well-off farmers and herdsmen have built new houses. Some have even bought automobiles. Currently, Tibet ranks first in per-capita housing in the country. Radio, television, telecommunications, the Internet and other modem information transmission means are now part of daily life in Tibet. News about various parts of the country and the world now reach most people in Tibet by radio and TV. Local people can obtain information from and make contacts with other parts of the country and the world through telephone, telegram, fax or the Internet. The Tibetan people's health has also improved substantially, because the situation featuring a lack of both doctors and medicine has changed fundamentally. The average life expectancy of the Tibetan people has increased from 35.5 years in the 1950s to 67 years presently.
[采分点解析]
1． 由于西藏地处“世界屋脊”，自然条件恶劣，也由于几百年落后的封建农奴制社会形成的各种社会历史条件的限制，西藏在全国还属于不发达地区。
Tibet，located on the“Roof of the World”，is still an underdeveloped area in China because of its harsh natural conditions and various social and historical restrictions formed by centuries of backward feudal serfdom．
[分析] 理解表达采分点。
本句采用的是并句技巧，把汉语中的四个语言单位合译成英语的一个句子；汉译英时注意利用分词、介词、连词、不定式、从句和独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句。另外将“世界屋脊”译成the“Roof of the World”。
2． 2000年，西藏全区各族人民已基本摆脱贫困，实现温饱。部分群众生活达到了小康水平。In 2000, people of various ethnic groups in Tibet basically shook off poverty， and had enough to eat and wear．Some of them began to live a better-off life．
[分析] 用词选词采分点。
“各族人民”应泽为：various ethnic groups
“摆脱贫困，实现温饱”应译为：shook off poverty，and had enough to eat and wear
“生活达到了小康水平”应译为：live a better-off life
3． 西藏目前的人均居住面积处于全国首位。
Currently，Tibet ranks first in per-capita housing in the country．
[分析] 用词选词采分点。
“处于……首位”应译为：rank first
“人均居住面积”应译为：per-capita housing
4． 绝大多数地区的百姓能够通过收听收看广播、电视，了解全国和全世界各地的新闻。News about various parts of the country and the world now reach most people in Tibet by radio and TV．
[分析] 理解表达采分点。
本句采用的是井句技巧，把汉语中的两个语言单位合译成英语的一个句子：
此外汉译英时语序作了调整：因为汉语是主题显著的语言，它所突出的是主
题而不是主语：而英语是主语显著的语言，它所突出的是主语：汉语中常用
“人”作主语(本句中是“百姓”)，而汉译英时，常选取句子中应突出的被
阐述的对象作为主语，本句选取了news作主语：其一，“新闻”在原文中是非常重要的信息，在译文中应突出，其二，用news作主语可以使后面的谓语部分及其他部分的行文更为洗炼、简洁，也更符合英语的表达习惯。
5． 当地百姓能够通过电话、电报。传真或互联网等手段获取信息资料，并与全国和全世界各地取得联系。Local people can obtain information from and make contacts with other parts of the country and the world through telephone，telegram，fax or the Internet.
[分析] 理解表达采分点。
本句的翻译还是要注意语序问题；状语在汉语中习惯放在主语之后、谓语之前(见本句原文)，但有时为了强调，也可将状语置于主语之前，英语中状语的位置则富于变化，但较长的状语则往往放在句首或句末(见本句译文)。因此，译文中的结构是主谓宾状，其中谓语是obtain information 和 make contacts；状语是from(telephone，telegram, fax or the Internet)and…with other parts of the country and the world through telephone，telegram, fax or the Internet。
6．由于缺医少药状况得到根本改变，人民群众的健康水平大幅度提高。西藏人均预期寿命由二十世纪五十年代的35.5岁增加到现在的67岁。The Tibetan people's health has also improved substantially, because the situation featuring a lack of both doctors and medicine has changed fundamentally．The average life expectancy of the Tibetan people has increased from 35.5 years in the 1950s to 67 years presently．
[分析] 用词选词采分点。
“缺医少药状况”译为：the situation featuring a lack of both doctors and medicine“人均预期寿命”译为：the average life expectancy