小学英语语法25488PPT课件.ppt

小学英小学英语语语语 法法1.一、名词（可数名词和不可数名词）二、人称代词三、冠词四、动词五、介词六、数词七、形容词和副词八、there be结构九、句式1.肯定句2.否定句3.疑问句4.祈使句十、时态：1.一般现在时2.一般过去时3.现在进行时4.一般将来时十一、“wh”的特殊疑问句2.一、名词名名词词具体名具体名词词抽象名抽象名词词普通名普通名词词专专有名有名词词个体名个体名词词集体名集体名词词名名词词可数名可数名词词不可数名不可数名词词单单数数复数复数3.英英语语语语法中，名法中，名词词有两种数的形式：有两种数的形式：1）单单数（表示一个人或事物）；数（表示一个人或事物）；2）复数（表示多于一个的人或数）。）复数（表示多于一个的人或数）。只有可数名只有可数名词词才有复数形式。才有复数形式。名名词词的数：的数：4.名名词词复数形式的构成复数形式的构成形式形式变变化化规则规则发发音音例例词词一般情况一般情况+s1.清清辅辅音音结结尾的名尾的名词词后后s2.浊辅浊辅音音结结尾的名尾的名词词后后z；3.元音元音结结尾的名尾的名词词后后z;books,cups,catsdogs,birds,armsdays,players以以-s,-sh,-ch,-x,-z结结尾的名尾的名词词+esizbus,brush,boxes,watch,大多数以大多数以-o结结尾的名尾的名词词+esztomatoes,potatoes以元音字母加以元音字母加o结结尾的名尾的名词词+szradios,pianos以以辅辅音字母加音字母加y结结尾的名尾的名词词把把y改成改成i再再加加eszstories,families,babies以以f和和fe结结尾的尾的大多数名大多数名词词把把f或或fe改改成成v再加再加eszthieves,knives不不规则规则名名词词的复数的复数1.由元音字母的由元音字母的变变化构成：化构成：2.man-men,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,mouse-mice,woman-women3.2.有些名有些名词词的复数形式与的复数形式与单单数的形式一数的形式一样样：4.sheep,deer,fish(但也可以是但也可以是fishes)3.有些名有些名词变词变成复数成复数时时加加-en:4.child-children,ox-oxen5.Practise1.peach_ 2.zoo _2.3.glass _4.fox _3.5.lady _6.policewoman _4.7.house _8.photo _5.9.monkey _10.wife _6.11.rose _12.path _7.13.judge _14.map _peacheszoosglassesfoxesladiespolicewomenhousesphotosmonkeyswivesrosespathsjudgesmaps6.二、人称代词主格：I we you she he it they宾格：me us you her him it them形容词性物主代词：my our your her his its their名词性物主代词：mine ours yours hers his its theirs 第一人称第一人称第二人称第二人称第三人称第三人称后跟名后跟名词词能能够够在句子中独立作在句子中独立作主主语语、宾语宾语或表或表语语7.Practise1._(他)is my brother.2.2.I had a letter from _(她).3.3.Its all right;its only _(我).4.4.Today _(我们)went in _(我们的)car;tomorrow _(我们)are going in _(他们的).5.5._(我)lend _(我的)books gladly to _(我的)friends and to _(你的).6.6.Can you help _(我)with _(我的)English.7.7.When _(你)go to see _(你的)father,please take these books to _(他).8.8._(他们)found _(它)difficult to learn German.HehermeweourwetheirsImymyyoursmemyyouyourhimTheyit8.所有格所有格所有格的形式所有格的形式单单数人称名数人称名词词末尾加末尾加 schild-childs以以-s结结尾的尾的单单数人称名数人称名词词末尾加末尾加swaitress-waitresss不不规则规则的复数人称名的复数人称名词词末尾加末尾加schildren-childrens以以-s结结尾的复数人称名尾的复数人称名词词末尾加末尾加girls-girls以以-s结结尾的一些人名末尾加尾的一些人名末尾加sJames-Jamess下列情况一般用下列情况一般用“of”结结构：构：1.东东西西(没有没有现现成的复合名成的复合名词时词时):the book of the film2.2.东东西的一部分西的一部分:the bottom of the box3.3.抽象的概念抽象的概念:the price of success4.4.当当of短短语语中的名中的名词词被另一个短被另一个短语语或从句修或从句修饰时饰时：5.Cant you look at the book of the boy behind you?双重双重 s结结构也可以用于构也可以用于“of”结结构之后，如：构之后，如：a friend of my fathers,出出现这现这种情况是因种情况是因为为在一个名在一个名词词前通常只用前通常只用一个限定一个限定词词，又如：，又如：this son of mine,a friend of yours,a cousin of hers等等。等等。Isnt Frank a friend of yours?That silly uncle of Toms has told me the same Joke five times.9.冠词不定冠不定冠词词a,an定冠定冠词词the只能用于只能用于单单数可数名数可数名词词之前之前单单数可数名数可数名词词复数可数名复数可数名词词不可数名不可数名词词零冠词名名词词前可不用冠前可不用冠词词10.不定冠不定冠词词的用法：的用法：1.表示表示“一一”，“任何一个任何一个”或或“不管哪一个不管哪一个”的意思。的意思。2.I have a sister and two brothers.3.2.在某些度量表示法中：在某些度量表示法中：4.We have PE lessons three times a week.5.3.用在用在单单数的表数的表语语名名词词前，以表示前，以表示职业职业、行、行业业、宗教、等、宗教、等级级等。等。6.George wants to be an engineer.7.4.在以在以what引引导导的感的感叹叹句中，句中，单单数的可数名数的可数名词词前。前。8.What a pretty girl!9.5.一些常用短一些常用短语语中。中。10.have a good time,half an hour,have a headache.11.定冠定冠词词的用法：的用法：1.用来表示用来表示“独一无二独一无二”的意思。的意思。2.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.3.2.表示表示“说话说话的人的人刚刚刚刚提到提到过过的人或事物的人或事物”。4.There is a boat in the river.The boat is made of wood.5.3.用在后面跟有限定性介用在后面跟有限定性介词词短短语语的名的名词词前。前。6.the letter from America,the fourteenth of April7.4.用在泛指的用在泛指的乐乐器名器名词词前。前。8.He plays the piano.9.5.一些常用短一些常用短语语。10.by the way,in the morning,Whats the matter?12.零冠零冠词词的用法：的用法：1.泛指的抽象名泛指的抽象名词词前。前。Life is very hard for some people.2.2.泛指的物泛指的物质质名名词词前。前。Water is very useful.3.3.泛指的复数名泛指的复数名词词前。前。Books are my best friends.4.4.泛指的泛指的“餐餐”名前。名前。Come to have dinner/breakfast with me.5.5.大多数的大多数的专专有名有名词词前。前。He comes from France.6.6.语语言的名言的名词词前。前。She can speak French.7.7.在季在季节节和和节节日的名日的名词词前。前。Winter is the best time for skating.8.8.当名当名词词前已有一些代前已有一些代词词修修饰时饰时。My brother is a soldier.9.9.在体育在体育项项目的名目的名词词前。前。play basketball10.10.一些常用短一些常用短语语。at home,go to school,at night13.1.There is _notebook on my desk.I use _ notebook to keep a diary.2.There is _bottle on the table._ water in it is sweet.3.Wangs mother is _English teacher.She teaches in _ primary school.4.China is _ ancient country with _ long history.5.China has _ population of 12 hundred million._ Chinese people are _ great people.6.Her mother is _ university teacher.She is _ honest woman.7.None of _books should be taken out of _ room without _ permission of _ librarian.8._Party always teaches us to work for _ people heart and soul.9.She studies at _No.3 Middle School.She goes to _ school by _ bus every day.10.My elder sister is _student of _ English.She studies at _ college.11._ Monday before _ Spring Festival was very cold.12.Have you had _dinner?PractiseatheaTheantheanatheThe/aanthethethe/The/aaThe/14.四、四、动词动词 动词动词主要表示主要表示动动作，其次表示状作，其次表示状态态或性或性质质，有有时态时态、语态语态、语语气等形式的气等形式的变变化。化。小学小学阶阶段所涉及的段所涉及的动词动词主要有：主要有：实义动词实义动词、be动词动词、情、情态动词态动词can等。等。15.Be动词am,is,arewas,werebeen16.Practise1.He _ very good at English.2.My father and I _ going to Beijing next month.3._ you on duty the day before yesterday?4.Mr.King _ in London two weeks ago.5.There _ many kinds of animals in the zoo.6.What _ the date yesterday?7.Look!A little girl _ flying a kite.8.Who _ not at school last Monday?9.Have you ever _ to Japan?10.I _ not a nurse.I work as a doctor.isareWerewasarewasiswasbeenam17.动词的基本形式原形第三人称单数现在式过去式过去分词现在分词studystudiesstudiedstudied studyingdodoesdiddonedoinghavehashadhadhavinglearnlearnslearned/learntlearned/learntlearning18.第三人称单数现在式情况情况变变化化规则规则例例词词一般情况一般情况+sworks,learns,eats,needs,says结结尾尾为为s,x,sh,ch,o+espasses,washes,teaches,goes,fixes结结尾尾为辅为辅音音字母字母+y变y为i+escarries,studies,flies,hurries,cries 动词动词be和和have的第三人称的第三人称单单数数现现在式在式分分别别是是is和和has。19.动词的过去式 构成构成例例词读词读音音在在动词动词后加后加ed在以在以e结结尾的尾的动词动词后加后加ed在以在以辅辅音字母加音字母加y结结尾的尾的动词动词后，后，先先变变y为为i再加再加ed在重在重读闭读闭音音节节或或r音音节节结结尾而末尾只有一个尾而末尾只有一个辅辅音字母音字母时时，须须双写双写这这个个辅辅音字母再加音字母再加ed在清在清辅辅音后音后读读tlookedwashedpassedhopedlikedstoppeddropped在元音和在元音和浊辅浊辅音音后后读读dstayedcalledlivedstudiedtriedcarriedplannedpreferred在在辅辅音音t、d后后读读idtastedneededadmittedpermitted20.现在分词情况情况变变化化规则规则例例词词一般情况一般情况+ingdoing,asking,helping以不以不发发音的音的e结结尾尾的的动词动词去去e加加inghaving,taking,writing,living以重以重读闭读闭音音节结节结尾尾而末尾只有一个而末尾只有一个辅辅音字母的音字母的动词动词双写最后一个双写最后一个辅辅音音字母，再加字母，再加ingrunning,swimming,putting,sitting21.原形第三人称单数现在式过去式现在分词have givegetread sweepplay carry hashadhavinggivesgavegivinggetsgotgettingreadsreadreadingsweepssweptsweepingplaysplayedplayingcarriescarriedcarryingPractise22.五、动词的时态动词时态动词时态是表示是表示动动作或状作或状态发态发生或存在的生或存在的时间时间和表示方式的一种和表示方式的一种动词动词形式。形式。小学小学阶阶段所学的段所学的时态时态有：有：1.一般现在时：work/works2.2.现在进行时：am/is/are working3.3.一般过去时：worked4.4.一般将来时：am/is/are going to work23.一般现在时通常表示通常表示经经常常发发生的或生的或习惯习惯性的性的动动作或作或目前的状目前的状态态。常与常与时间时间副副词连词连用：用：always,often,usually,every,on Sundays,twice a week等。等。基本结构肯定句否定句一般疑问句I work.We work.I dont work.We dont work.Do I work?Do we work?You work.You dont work.Do you work?They work.They dont work.Do they work?SheHe works.ItSheHe doesnt work.It sheDoes he work?it24.现在进行时通常表示通常表示说话时说话时或或现阶现阶段正在段正在发发生或生或进进行着的行着的动动作。它所表示的作。它所表示的动动作具有作具有持持续续性、性、暂时暂时性和未完成性。性和未完成性。常常见见的与的与现现在在进进行行时时有关的有关的词词有：有：now,these days,look,listen等。等。基本基本结结构构肯定句肯定句否定句否定句一般疑一般疑问问句句I am working.We are working.Im not working.Were not working.Am I working?Are we working?You are working.You arent working.Are you working?They are working.They arent working.Are they working?SheHe is working.ItSheHe isnt working.It sheIs he working?it25.一般过去时通常表示通常表示过过去某一去某一时间时间所所发发生的生的动动作或作或存在的状存在的状态态，其中也包括，其中也包括习惯习惯性性动动作。作。常与表示常与表示过过去的去的时间时间状状语连语连用：用yesterday,last,ago,just now,in 1998等。等。基本基本结结构构肯定句肯定句否定句否定句一般疑一般疑问问句句I worked.We worked.I didnt work.We didnt work.Did I work?Did we work?You worked.You didnt work.Did you work?They worked.They didnt work.Did they work?She He worked.ItSheHe didnt work.It sheDid he work?it26.一般将来时表示将来表示将来发发生的生的动动作或情况。作或情况。常与一些表示将来的常与一些表示将来的时间时间状状语连语连用：用：tomorrow,next,Be going to do表示主体表示主体现现在打算在最近或将来要做在打算在最近或将来要做某事；也可以表示某事；也可以表示“预见预见”，即，即现现在已有迹象表明将要在已有迹象表明将要发发生或即将生或即将发发生某种情况。生某种情况。基本基本结结构构肯定句否定句一般疑问句Im going to work.Were going to work.Im not going to work.We arent going to work.Am I going to work?Are we going to work?Youre going to work.You arent going to work.Are you going to work?Theyre going to work.They arent going to work.Are they going to work?SheHe is going to work.ItSheHe isnt going to work.It sheIs he going to work?it27.1.Peter _(play)basketball twice a week.2.2.Do you believe what he _(say)just now?3.3.Look!The lazy cat _(sleep)in the sofa.4.4.There _(be)a book and two pens on the desk.5.5._you _(see)a film tomorrow morning?6.6.She _(not play)the guitar at the moment.7.7.What _his father usually _(do)in the evening?8.8.They _(have)a meeting next week,arent they?9.9.Both he and I _(be)teachers.10.10.I _(not feel)very well yesterday.11.11.He put on his coat and _(go)out.12.Lei Feng often _(help)others and he was helpful.13.Next Sunday,we _(clean)up the park.14.14.Hurry!Your mother _(wait)for you at the school gate.Practiseplayssaidis sleepingisAregoing to seeisnt playingdoesdoare going to havearedidnt feelwenthelpsare going to cleanis waiting28.六、介六、介词词介介词词在句子中表示名在句子中表示名词词或代或代词词等与其他等与其他词词之之间间的关系。不能的关系。不能单单独作句独作句子成分，常位于名子成分，常位于名词词或代或代词词（或与之相当的其他（或与之相当的其他词类词类、短、短语语、从句）、从句）前面构成介前面构成介词词短短语语。介。介词词后面的成分作介后面的成分作介词词的的宾语宾语。方方位位介介词词in,on,at,under,to,behind,beside,near,before,in front of,next to,between时时间间介介词词in,on,at,after,before,fromto,past,between 其其它它of,by,with,into,out of,for,29.Practise1.Look _ the picture.Its picture_ my school.2.There is a school building _ my school.It has five floors._ the school building,there is a big playground._school,the children always play ball games there.3.My classroom is_ the fifth floor.Its big and clean.4.Miss Li is our class teacher.She comes _ school early every morning.She comes _bicycle.Then she does morning exercises _us.She likes sports.Tomorrow is her birthday.We will make a card _ her.We love her very much.5.There are some apples the tree.6.Wheres your study?Its next _ my bedroom.7.The car _ the tree is Jacks.8.The ball is_ the door,so you cant see it.9._ _ _the house,there are many trees.10.Listen!Someone is knocking _the door.11.There is something wrong _ my computer.atofinNearAfterontobywithforontounderbehindIn front ofatwith30.七、数词1.表示数目的表示数目的词词称称为为基数基数词词2.表示数目表示数目顺顺序的序的词词称称为为序数序数词词1.112的基数的基数词词：2.one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve3.1319的基数的基数词词：4.thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen5.2090的基数的基数词词：6.twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety7.2129的基数的基数：8.twenty-one,twenty-two,twenty-three,twenty-four,twenty-five,9.twenty-six,twenty-seven,twenty-eight,twenty-nine10.thirty-nine,forty-eight,fifty-seven.-teen-ty十位数和个位数之十位数和个位数之间间要加要加连连字符号字符号“-”31.2.百位数百位数：one hundred,two hundred,three hundred,four hundredfive hundred and eight-six,six hundred and ninety-nine,seven hundred and eight,eight hundred and one3.千位数千位数：one thousand,four thousand,seven thousand one hundred and five百位数和十位数之百位数和十位数之间间加加and。注意注意 英英语语中没有中没有“万万”这这个个单单位，所以常用位，所以常用thousand来表示。来表示。ten thousand,thirty thousand,fifteen thousand one hundred,five hundred and one thousand four hundred and thirty-two32.1.英英语语序数序数词词第第1-19除了除了first,second与与third有特殊形式外，其余的都由有特殊形式外，其余的都由基数基数词词加后加后缀缀-th构成。构成。2.注意：注意：fifth,eighth,ninth和和twelfth的拼法。的拼法。3.2.十位数的序数十位数的序数词词的构成方法是：先把十位数的基数的构成方法是：先把十位数的基数词词的的词词尾尾ty中的中的y变变为为i，然后加后，然后加后缀缀-eth,如：如：4.twentytwentieth,fortyfortieth5.3.十位数的序数十位数的序数词词如果含有如果含有19的个位数的个位数时时，十位数用基数，十位数用基数词词，个位数用，个位数用序数序数词词，中，中间间用用“-”连连字符。如：字符。如：6.twenty-fourth,ninety-fifth7.4.百、千、万等的序数百、千、万等的序数词词由由hundred,thousand,million等加等加-th,前面加前面加有关的基数有关的基数词词构成。如：构成。如：8.one hundredth,one thousandth9.注意：序数注意：序数词词前的前的one不能用不能用a代替。代替。10.one hundred and twenty-first33.Practise1.There are _ days in a year.A.three hundreds sixty-five B.three hundreds and sixty-five C.three hundred and sixty-five D.three hundred and sixty five2._people visit this museum every day.A.Hundred B.Hundreds C.Hundred of D.Hundreds of3.There are two_ people in the meeting room.A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundreds of D.hundred of4._ trees have been planted in our school in the past 10 years.A.Thousands of B.Two thousands C.Thousand of D.Two thousand of5.My brother is in_.A.Three Class,One Grade B.Class Three,Grade One C.Grade One,Class Three D.class three,grade one6.We are going to learn_ this term.A.book six Bsix book C.the book six D.Book Six 7.We can say the number 78,645 in English like this_.A.seventy-eight thousand and six hundred and forty-five B.seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty five C.seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty-five D.seventy eight thousand six hundred and forty-fiveCDAABDC34.8.The year 1999 should be read The year_.A.nineteen and ninety-nine B.nineteen ninety-nine C.one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine D.nineteen hundred and ninety-nine9.He will come here _ tomorrow morning.A.at fifth B.at ten C.on two D.till tenth 10.Every day he begins to do his homework _.A.at ten past seven B.at seven pass tenC.on ten past seventh D.until ten 11.We all like the_ boy.A.of ten years old B.ten-year-old C.at ten old D.of age of ten 12.There are_ months in a year.December is the _ month of the year.A.twelve;twelve B.twelve;twelfth C.twelfth;twelve D.twelve;twelveth 13.During_ century,the world population has already reached 6 billion.A.twenty B.the twentieth C.twentieth D.the twenty14.Jenny was born_.A.on July 10,1987 B.in July 10,1987 C.in 1987,July 10 D.on 1987,July 10 BBABBBA35.八、形容词和副词形容形容词词是用来描写或修是用来描写或修饰饰名名词词（或代（或代词词）的）的词词。副副词词是用来修是用来修饰动词饰动词、形容、形容词词、其他副、其他副词词以及全以及全句的句的词词。1.He is a good student.2.2.The film is very interesting.3.3.There is something wrong with the bike.4.4.Lucy is older than Helen.1.The problem is very difficult.2.2.He wrote the letters carefully.方式副方式副词词：carefully,quickly,suddenly 2.地点副地点副词词：here,there,up,down3.时间时间副副词词：yesterday,today,now4.程度副程度副词词：very,quite,much,just36.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级情况情况比比较级较级最高最高级级一般情况一般情况+er,如：如：taller,longer,faster,sooner+est,如：如：tallest,longest,fastest,soonest以以e结结尾的尾的词词+r,如：如：later,nicer,larger+st,如：如：latest,nicest,largest以重以重读闭读闭音音节结节结尾的尾的词词双写最后一个字母，再双写最后一个字母，再+er,如如:bigger,fatter双写最后一个字母，再双写最后一个字母，再+est，如：如：biggest,fattest以以辅辅音字母加音字母加y结结尾的尾的词词把把y改改为为i再再+er,如：如：busier,earlier把把y改改为为i再再+est,如：如：busiest,earliest大部分多音大部分多音节词节词在前面加在前面加more,如：如：more careful,more wonderfully在前面加在前面加most,如：如：most careful,most wonderfully不不规则规则的的词词：good/well,many/much,farbettermorefarther/furtherbestmostfarthest/further37.比较级的用法1.用来把彼此独立的事和人用来把彼此独立的事和人进进行比行比较较，表示，表示“比比更更一些一些”的的意思，通常用一个由从属意思，通常用一个由从属连词连词than引引导导的状的状语语从句来表示和什么从句来表示和什么相比。相比。为为了避免重复，从句中有些成分可以省略。如：了避免重复，从句中有些成分可以省略。如：Helen is taller than Lucy.He got more information than I did.He runs faster than I.2.如果我如果我们们要要说说两个两个东东西在某一方面是一西在某一方面是一样样的，我的，我们们就可以用就可以用as+形容形容词词/副副词词+as”,形容形容词词不用比不用比较级较级而用原而用原级级。在作否定比。在作否定比较时较时，可以用，可以用not asas,not soas,也可以用也可以用lessthan，如：，如：Jimmy is as tall as his father.I dont write as/so well as Helen.This film is less interesting than that one.38.比较级的用法3.为为了表示持了表示持续续不断的不断的变变化，我化，我们们可以用可以用“双重比双重比较较”的方法，的方法，这这种种结结构后面不可跟构后面不可跟tha