英语专题-直接引语及间接引语.doc

直接引语和间接引语（宾语从句）

引述某人的话一般采用两种形式：一种是直接引语（Direct Speech），即原封不动地引用原话，把它放在引号内；另一种是间接引语（Indirect Speech），即用自己的话加以转述，被转述的内容不放在引号内。

A． 陈述句的间接引语
直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，在多数情况下都构成一个that引导的宾语从句，引述动词通常是say, tell等。与此同时，间接引语中的人称、时态和其他方面也要相应有所变化。
The foreigner said to me, ‘I like Beijing very much.’那老外告诉我：我很喜欢北京。
→ The foreigner told me that he liked Beijing very much. 那老外告诉我说他（她）很喜欢北京。
She said, ‘We are very fond of sports.’ 她说：我们都喜欢体育运动。
→ She said that they were very fond of sports. 她说他（她）们都喜欢体运动。
‘I'll go over the grammar lesson once again,’ he said. 他说：我将把语法课再复习一遍。
→ He said he would go over the grammar lesson once again. 他说他将要把语法课再复习一遍。（that可省略）

B． 疑问句的间接引语
1．一般疑问句和反意疑问句
一般疑问句改为间接引语时，要用陈述语序，并要加连词 if 或 whether ，其主句动词常用ask, wonder, want to know, didn't know等。句末不用问号。
My teacher asked me, ‘Do you like American country music?’ 我老师问我：你喜欢美国乡村音乐吗？
→ My teacher asked me if/whether I liked American country music. 我老师问我是否喜欢美国乡村音乐。
‘You haven't been to Beijing, have you?’ asked he. 他问：你没去过北，是吗？
→ He asked me if/whether I had been to Beijing. 他问我是否去过北京。

2．否定的一般疑问句和选择问句
如果直接引语为否定的一般问句或选择疑问句时，用whether…or 连接。
She said, “Don't you know my telephone number?” 她说：你难道不知道我的电话号码吗？
→ She asked me whether I knew her telephone number or not. 她问我是知道她的电话号码。
“Do you like this one or that one?” Tom asked. 汤姆问：你是喜欢这个还是那个？
→ Tom asked me whether I liked this one or that one. 汤姆问我是喜欢这个还是那个。

3．特殊疑问句
间接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语前仍然用特殊疑问词(when, where, what, how等)作为连词引导宾语从句，注意从句必须用陈述语序，主句谓语动词常用ask。
He asked,“Where is the bus-stop？”他问：你觉得怎样？
→ He asked me where the bus-stop was. 他问我觉得它怎样。
She asked me, “What's the matter with you？” 她问我：你怎么啦？
→ She asked me what was the matter with me. 她问我我怎么啦。
“How many books do you have?”she asked. 她问你有多少本书？
→ She asked me how many books I had. 她问我有多少本。

4.其它
英语中有些疑问句并非提出疑问，而是表示请求、劝告、建议等。这种疑问句变为间接引语时，往往采用其他的形式。
①．suggest doing
“Shall we all go to the film tonight?” said Michael. 迈克尔说：我们今晚都去看电影，好吗？
→ Michael suggested going to the film tonight. 迈克尔建议今晚都去看电影。
What about having a drink he asked. 他问：喝杯怎么样？
He suggested having a drink. 他建议喝一杯。
②．advise sb to do
“Why don't you go hiking?” asked James. 詹姆士问：你为什么不徒步旅行？
James advised me to go hiking. 詹姆士建议我去徒步旅行。
③．ask sb to do
“Will you please bring your reference book here tomorrow? she said to me. 她对我说：劳驾你明天把你的参考书带来好吗？
→ She asked me to take my reference book there the next day. 她让我第二天把我的参考书带去。

C． 祈使句的间接引语
1．直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语往往用复合宾语来表示，其结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（动词不定式）。引述动词可根据口气选用tell, ask, order, command, request等词，句中please去掉。
She said to me, “Please have a rest.” 她对我说：请休息一下。
→ She asked me to have a rest. 她要求我休息一下。
“Don't answer at once,” she said to the pupils. 她对学生说：大家不要齐声回答。→ She told the pupils not to answer all at once. 她叫学生不要齐声回答。
2．带有let的祈使句（表示请求，建议或命令），可用suggest + -ing形式或suggest +that从句来表示其相应的意思。
“Let's go for a walk,” said the girl. 那姑娘说，让我们去散散步吧。
→ The girl suggested going for a walk. 这女孩建议去散散步。
The teacher said, “Let Lily tidy the classroom.” 老师说：让莉莉整理教室。
→ The teacher suggested that Lily should tidy the classroom. 老师建议让莉莉整理教室。

D． 间接引语中的词语变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、时间和地点状语以及主谓语词序往往要作相应的变化。
（1）时态的变化
1) 如果主句的谓语动词是现在时，直接引语变成间接引语时，从句的时态无需变化.
He thinks, “She will be back in a month.”
→ He thinks she will be back in a month. 他想她将在一个月后回来。
He says, “I accepted her invitation.”
→ He says he accepted her invitation. 他说他已接受了她的邀请。
2) 如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变成间接引语时，从句的时态要做出相应的改变. 主句是过去时的谓语时态变化如下：
直接引语
间接引语
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般过去时
过去完成时
一般将来时
过去将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
can
could
may
might
must
Must/had to
l He thinks, “She will be back in a month.”
→ He thinks she will be back in a month. 他想她将在一个月后回来。
l He says, “I accepted her invitation.”
→ He says he accepted her invitation. 他说他已接受了她的邀请。
l The old man said, “I have lived in this street since 1960.”
→The old man said that he had lived in that street since 1960. 那老人说他自从1960年起就住在那条街上了。
l He said, “Is it raining？”
→ He asked if it was raining. 他问是不是正在下雨。
l He said, “We shall get ready by eight o'clock.”
→He said that they should get ready by eight o'clock. 他说他们将在8点前准备好。
l We will meet at the school gate, she said to me.
→ She told me that they would meet at the school gate. 她告诉我他们约定在校门口见面。
l Jack said, “I can lend the book to you.”
→ Jack said he could lend the book to me. 杰克说他会借那本书给我的。
l She said, “I must go to see the doctor now.”
→ She said she must go to see the doctor now. 她说第二天下午她一定得去看医生。

注意：
①当间接引语表示的是现在的习惯动作、科学真理、客观事实、格言等, 则变为间接引语时时态不变。
The geography teacher said to the student, “The earth moves round the sun.”
→ The geography teacher told the students that the earth moves round the sun. 老师告诉学生地球围绕太阳转。
He said, “Every dog has his day.”
→ He said that every dog has his day. 他说是人皆有出头日。
② 间接引语中有明确的过去时间状语，仍可用一般过去时，不必改为过去完成时。
The girl said, “I was born in 1978.”
→ The girl said that she was born in 1978.那女孩说她生于1978年。
She said, “My teacher was busy yesterday.”
→ She said that her teacher was busy yesterday. 她说她老师昨天很忙。

（2）代词的变化
1．人称代词的变化
“一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”。
“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "
→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
　　“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称，或被第二人称所修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：
He said to Kate, "How is your sister now?"
→He asked Kate how her sister was then.
　　“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：
Mr. Smith said, "Jack is a good worker."
→Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.

2．指示代词的变化
指示代词
this
that
地点状语
here
there
方向性动词
come
bring
go
take
I bought these flowers for you, Jane said.
→ Jane said that she had bought those flowers for me. 简说那些花是她为我买的。
I grow these tomatoes myself, he said.
→ He said that he grew those tomatoes himself. 他说那些胡萝卜是他自己种的。
Sarah said, “I will bring my book to your house.”
→ Sarah said she would take her book to my house.

（3）时间和地点状语的变化

1．时间状语的变化

直接引语
间接引语
时间状语
now
then
时间状语
today
that day
时间状语
tonight
that night
时间状语
this week
that week
时间状语
yesterday
the day before
时间状语
last week
the week before
时间状语
tomorrow
the next day
时间状语
next week
the next (following ) week
时间状语
three days (a year ,etc) ago
three days (a year. etc) before
He said, “I spoke to them yesterday.”
→ He said that he had spoken to them the day before. 他说他前一天跟他们讲过话了。
The student said, “We have learned about 3,000 English words so far.”
→ The student said that they had learned about 3,000 English words by then. 那学生说到那时为止他们已学会了3,000个英语单词。

2．地点状语的变化
当直接引语变间引语时，地点状语here通常变为there。但如果说话人所在地点就是引述人所在地点，那么仍然使用here.
“Come here, please,” he said.
→ He asked me to come here. 他叫我到这里来。（引述人地点不变）
→ He asked me to go there. 他叫我到那里去。（引述人地点发生变化）
练习题：
一、将所给直接引语变为间接引语：
1. “I never eat meat.” he said.
He said that ______ never ______ meat.
3. “I took it home with me.” she said.
She said that ______ ______ _______ it home with her.
4. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.”
The teacher said that the sun ______ in the east and ______ down in the west.
5. “I met her yesterday.” he said to me.
He ______ me that he ______ met the day ______.
6. “You must come here before five.” he said.
He said that I ______ to go ______ before five.
8. “Did you see her last week?” he said.
He ______ ______ I had seen her the week _______.
9. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.”
He ______ Jim that he ______ sit there
10. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?”
He asked her mother ______ ______ ______ found it.
11. “Where are you going now?” he asked.
He asked me _______ _______ _______going _______ .
12. “Do you know where she lives?” he asked.
He asked ______ ______ knew where she ______.
13. “Stop making so much noise, children.” he said.
He ______ the children ______ ______ making so much noise.
14. “Don’t tell him the news.” she said.
She told me _______ ______ ______ him the news.
15. “Are you interested in this?” he said.
He ______ ______ I was interested in ______.

二、直接引语变间接引语
1．He said: “I’ve left my book in my room.”
2．She said: “He will be busy.”
3．She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”
4．She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”
5．The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?”
6．The teacher said to the students, “Don’t waste your time.”
7．The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”
8．The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”
9．My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”
10．The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.”

三、单项选择
1. He asked ________ for the computer.
A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much
C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid
2. “Have you seen the film?” he asked me. →He asked me _______.
A had I seen the film B. have I seen the film
C. if I have seen the film D. whether I had seen the film
3. “Please close the window,” he said to me.
→He ______ me _____ the window.
A. said to; to close B. told to; closing
C. asked ; to close D. said to; please close
4. He said, “Mother, the boy is very naughty.”
→He _____- very naughty.
A. said his mother that the boy was
B. said to his mother that the boy is
C. told his mother that the boy was
D. spoke to his mother that the boy was
5. She asked ________.
A. if I have already got well, hadn’t you B. whether I had already got well
C. have I already got well D. had I already got well.
6. He asked me _________.
A. am I a Party member or a League member
B. was I a Party member or a League member
C. if I was a Party member or a League member
D. whether was I a Party member or a League member.
7. He asked _______.
A. how am I getting along
B. how are you getting along
C. how I was getting along
D. how was I getting along
8. He asked me ________ with me.
A. what the matter is B. what the mater was
C. what’s the matter D. what was the matter
9. She asked me if I knew _______.
　A. whose pen is it B. whose pen it was
　C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it
10. I don't know _______ he still lives here after so many years.
　A. whether B. where
　C. what D. when
11. I don't know ______ he will come tomorrow. _______ he comes, I'll tell you.
　A. if, whether B. whether, whether
C. if, That D. if, If
12. Can you tell me ______?
A. when did he come B. when he came
　C. when did he came D. he came when
13. Can you tell me ______ the radio ?
　A. how did he mend B. what did he mend
　C. how he mended D. what he mended
14. He asked his father _________.
　A. where it happens B. where did it happen
　C. how it happened D. how did it happen
15. The twins will go fishing with us this weekend _______ they are free.
A. though B. if
　C. whether D. but

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