浙江新高考之概要写作summary-writing(课堂PPT).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Summary Writing,1,What is“summary”?,A summary is,a,brief,restatement of the,essential,thought,of a longer composition.,概要是一篇较长文章,本质思想的简洁重述,，它要求用,尽量少的语言,对原文的主旨进行复述。概要不是简单的换句话说，更不是评论，而是作者思想中最基本部分的,准确,再现。,2,How to get a high mark?,考试说明,中评分标准规定概要写,作阅卷时按,5,个档次给分，其中最高档次第五档（,21-25points,）：,理解准确，涵盖全部,要点,；,能准确使用相应的,语法,结构和,词汇,；,完全使用,自己的语言,；,有效使用了语句间的,连接成分,，使完成的概要结构紧凑。,contents(,内容,),language skills(,语言,),structure(,结构,),3,a good summary,all the key points,grammar,vocabulary,tight and coherent(,连贯,),your own words,about 60-80 words,right spelling,proper punctuation,4,How to writing a good summary?,定位,find out the essential information,改写,rewrite the information in your own words,核查,check the sentences and add some conjunctions,5,A.,定位,通过阅读定位语篇的核心信息，包括核心单词，核心短语和核心句子。,（,句子,为主，以单词和短语为辅）,6,types,key information,记叙文,narration,人物,+,时间,+,地点,+,事件（起因,+,发展,+,结果）,说明文,exposition,描写某事物的性质功用。即“,对象,+,性质功用,+,利好,”；,针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“,问题,+,解决方法,”；,介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“,现象,+,原因,+,结果,”,议论文,argumentation,论点,+,论据,(+,结论,),1.,确定文体,the types of the passage,7,2.,消减事例,In the early 16,th,century,people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease,as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538,the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the king of English in 1546.,3.,省略细节,（尽量减少实事，大胆省略实事）,essential information,8,B.,改写,在核心信息的基础上进行语言表达形式的改写，对原文的语言表达形式尽可能实现大规模的改变。,改写过程中，原则上字数,不超过原句,，不改变原文的,逻辑结构,，充分考虑语句,压缩,。,9,1.,使用近义词或反义词,Zhou Yang will,remember,his first task as a reporter.,To research whether such a“sixth sense”really exists,Robert Baker performed two experiments.,Never,will Zhou Yang,forget,his first assignment as a journalist.,study,if,carried out/did/made,10,She brought home a lot of,books,and,magazines,.,2.,把短语变为单词,Cleaning away dirt,is good to,health.,Cleaning away dirt,benefits,health.,3.,使用广义词,(general words),代替具体词,(specific words),She brought home several Chinese and English,novels,a few copies of,Time,and,Newsweek,and some,textbooks,.,11,He,didnt like,the city.He,hated,it.,4.,消除重复,5.,把直接引语的主要信息变为间接引语,The boss said to him,“,Till youre more experienced you can cover a story.,”,He,disliked,the city.,The boss said that with more experience he could cover news.,12,6.,主动句和被动句互换,Robert Baker,a psychologist at the University of Kentucky,performed two experiments,.,Two experiments were carried out,by a psychologist.,13,7.,基本句型间灵活转换,Dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.,S+V+P,S+V+O,Dirt on the skin,could protect people from getting ill,.,14,You will,obtain all the information if various questions are asked.,8.,特殊句式（强调句，倒装句，,there be,）和正常语序句式的转化,Only,if you ask many different questions,will you,acquire all the information.,To research whether such a“sixth sense”really,exists,Robert Baker,there is,really a sixth sense,15,9.,把从句变为短语,(,介词短语，非谓语动词短语,),If the interviewee agrees,you can use a recorder to get the facts straight.,With the interviewees agreement,a recorder could be used.,_,The skin is a necessary organ,which,can serve as a barrier against outside dangers.,16,Baker,concludes that,people do not have the ability to sense when theyre being stared at.,10.,各种从句的灵活转化,His conclusion is that,people are not equipped with the ability to feel others observation.,17,C.,核查,核查连贯性,优先考虑使用,最短连接词,（,but,、,then,、,later,、,finally,、,besides,、,thus,、,therefore,、,yet,、,however,）,核查字数（,60-80words,）,核查标点和语法,+,18,Steps of writing summary,steps,contents,The 1,st,step,定位核心信息,The 2,nd,step,在核心信息基础上，进行语言表达形式改写（改词，换句型）,The 3,rd,step,核查连接词，语法和标点,19,2016,年,考试说明,概要写作样题,段落,核心信息,功能,1,there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.,论点,+,论据,2,In the early 16,th,century,people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.,France/England,In Europe,3,since the 18,th,century,cleaning away dirt is good to health.,4,nowadays,an American immunologist,encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.,20,there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.,have,exist,changing,opinions,，,viewpoints,People,have,changing opinions,toward dirt over time.,Changing viewpoints,toward dirt,exist,.,Peoples,viewpoints,towards dirt are,changing,.,S+V+P,21,In the early 16,th,century,people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.,France/England,In Europe,It was thought that/People believed that,protectfrom;preventfrom;keepfree from,S+V+P,illness,getting ill,In the early 16,th,century,people,especially those in,some European countries,thought that,dirt on the skin could,protect,them,from getting ill,.,In the early 16,th,century,people including,some Europeans believed that,dirt,protected,people,from getting ill,.,S+V+O,some European countries22,since the 18,th,century,cleaning away dirt is good to health.,Doing A is good to B,It is good for B to do A,People have realized that,it was good for,health,to remove,dirt since the 18,th,century.,remove,washoff,benefit your health,keephealthy,Since the 18,th,century,people have been told that,washing,dirt,off,our body can,keep,us,healthy,.,23,Nowadays,an American immunologist,encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.,now/at present,some scientists,advise,suggest,hold the view,powerful,expose to,Now,more people hold the view that,children should,be exposed to,the dirt to,have,a,powerful,immune system.,More and more people believe that,exposure to,some dirt may,help,our immune system.,24,People have,changing,opinions toward dirt over time.,In the early 16th century,it was thought that dirt on the skin could protect people from getting ill.,However,people have realized that it was good for health to remove dirt since the 18th century.,Now,an increasing number of people hold the view that children should be exposed to the dirt to strengthen immune system.,Dont forget to make your summary tight!,25,Example 1:,Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger,but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways.You may wonder how paving a road can lead to less useable fresh water.A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater.Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers.It comes from underground.The more roads and parking lots we pave,the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.,Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages.Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts than areas with more rainfall,but in any case,good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs.,Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference,too.In the United States,a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day!This shows how much we depend on water to live,but theres a lot we can do to lower the number.,You can take steps to save water in your home.To start with,use the same glass for your drinking water all day.Wash it only once a day.Run your dishwasher only when it is full.Help your parents fix any leaks in your home.You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.,26,关注那些承上启下过渡句,Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages.Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts than areas with more rainfall,but in any case,good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs.,27,关注那些总起句和小词,Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference,too,.In the United States,a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day!This shows how much we depend on water to live,but theres a lot we can do to lower the number.,You can take steps to save water in your home.To start with,use the same glass for your drinking water all day.Wash it only once a day.Run your dishwasher only when it is full.Help your parents fix any leaks in your home.You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.,28,如何使用自己的语言概括,Using too much water,or,throwing rubbish into our rivers,are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in,danger,but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways.You may wonder how paving a road can lead to less useable fresh water.A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater.Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers.It comes from underground.,The more roads and parking lots we pave,the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.,29,Sample,参考答案,Human activities,such as wasting water,polluting rivers and constructing roads,can partly lead to water shortage.Meanwhile,drier climates are another cause of insufficient water supply.Hopefully,if you take action to use water smartly/wisely in your daily life,say,using the same glass of water,maximizing the efficiency of dishwashers,helping repair leaks and recycling batteries,you can still make a significant difference.,30,Example 2:,Many couples who already have one healthy,happy child,are facing a dilemma,that is,the issue of whether to have a second child or not.They have hard jobs and limited time and money,but they want to make sure that their only child does not become a lonely child.So,what are the advantages and disadvantages of having a second child?That is what so many couples are very much concerned about and eager to understand.,One popular saying is that one child means a lonely child.Thats why many single-child parents plan to have a second child.They feel guilty about their decision to have only one child,because there are no other children in the family for their only child to play with,which may make the child feel lonely at times,especially during vacations.,Another common argument against having just one child is that an only child may be more spoiled than one with brothers or sisters.If one couple had only one child,the child could not learn to share things with others and are less capable of getting along well with other children than one who grows up with brothers or sisters.,However,in many parts of the world,more and more parents are still choosing not to have a second child because they argue that there are advantages for the child as well as the parents.With just one child,they suggest,there is little chance of family arguments concerned with children.Besides,as an only child in the family,the child can receive more quality time and attention.This often leads to increased self-respect and independence,which can lead to the child being more confident.,Unluckily,there is no simple answer to the question of whether or not to have a second child.Every family is different,and what is proper for one family may not be for another.The important thing,in the end,is to make a decision that both you and your spouse(,配偶,)feel confident about.,31,关注那些表示观点的句子,One popular saying is that one child means a lonely child.Thats why many single-child parents plan to have a second child.They feel guilty about their decision to have only one child,because there are no other children in the family for their only child to play with,which may make the child feel lonely at times,especially during vacations.,Another common argument against having just one child is that an only child may be more spoiled than one with brothers or sisters.If one couple had only one child,the child could not learn to share things with others and are less capable of getting along well with other children than one who grows up with brothers or sisters.,32,关注那些转折词,However,in many parts of the world,more and more parents are still choosing not to have a second child because they argue that there are advantages for the child as well as the parents.With just one child,they suggest,there is little chance of family arguments concerned with children.Besides,as an only child in the family,the child can receive more quality time and attention.This often leads to increased self-respect and independence,which can lead to the child being more confident.,33,如何把握文章整体结构,Many couples who already have one healthy,happy child,are facing a dilemma,that is,the issue of whether to have a second child or not.,One popular saying is that one child means a lonely child.,Another common argument against having just one child is that an only child may be more spoiled than one with brothers or sisters.,However,in many parts of the world,more and more parents are still choosing not to have a second child,Unluckily,there is no simple answer to the question of whether or not to have a second child.,34,Sample,参考答案,Whether or not to have a second child has put many couples in a dilemma.Some supporters think one child means a lonely and spoiled child.With siblings,children can learn to share and get on well with others.However,some opponents argue that an only child will get more quality time and attention while causing fewer arguments.Still,there is no easy answer to the issue.Its up to the couple to make a proper decision about it.,35,Example 3:,This was an unforgettable and wonderful experience,It happened about three years ago and it has had a strong effect on me,I would like to show respect here for the man I do not know personally but whose actions gave a new meaning to the words kind and generous,I was walking down a busy street on a cold,windy day in early winter.A homeless man,probably about 60 and without wearing any shoes,was begging for change on a street corner,A BMW car pulled up on the other side of the street and an executive,（主管）,who was perfectly dressed stepped out of the car,He was probably about 60 years old.He was wearing a blue business suit with a deep red silk tie,He walked directly across the street and over to the homeless man,Without saying anything,he first gave him a lot of money and then he sat down and took off his leather gloves,beautiful black leather shoes and his black dress socks,Then he handed them to the homeless man,The homeless man took them and stared at him with an open mouth,As he drove off,I couldnt help thinking that it was probably the first time he had pressed the pedal,（踏板）,of that top-brand BMW car with a bare foot!I stood there and the looks of astonishment appeared on my face and the homeless mans,Two men of about the same age but very different lives had met and the one who was successful in materials had offered more than his shoes,He had left this BMW car and stepped down from his high position,He lifted up the other man when he offered respect,kindness and real generosity,36,关注记叙文的基本要素,5W1H,When:on a freezing winter day,Where:on the street,Who:a successful business man of about 60,What:help a homeless man of about 60 with money and goods(socks,etc.),Why:kindness,How:happened to come across and gave away,37,关注夹叙夹议的内容,Unforgettable experience,the new meaning of kindness and generosity,38,如何使用自己的语言转述故事,I-the writer,the author,the witness,the story-teller,39,Sample,参考答案,On a free