直接引语及间接引语.doc

直接引语与间接引语】
引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。

John said, "I'm going to London with my father."
John said that he was going to London with his father.

由直接引语变为间接引语，分以下情况：
1． 直接引语是陈述句时
间接引语为that引导的宾语从句，主句的引述动词主要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。
He said , "You are younger than I."--------'He said (that ) I was younger than him.
2.直接引语是疑问句时
间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词say 改为ask,或改为wonder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。
（1） 一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句。
She said, "Do you often come here to read newspapers?"
→She asked me if (或whether) I often went there to read newspapers.
She asked me, "You have seen the film, haven't you?"
→She asked me whether(或if )I had seen the film.
（2） 选择疑问句变为whether….or 宾语从句。
I asked him, "Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?"
→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.
(3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。
He asked, "Where do you live?"
→He asked me where I lived.
3.直接引语是祈使句时
间接引语为不定式，作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语（don't 变为not ）.
The teacher said to the boy, "Open the window."—→The teacher told the boy to open the window.
His father said to him , "Don't leave the door open."—→His father told him not to leave the door open.
[注意]
（1） 有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等动词 加以转述。
He said, "Let's go to the theatre."
→He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre.
(2) "Would you mind opening the window?" he asked.
→He asked me to open the window.
"Why don't you take a walk after supper?" he asked .
→he advised me to take a walk after supper.
"Shall we listen to the music?" he asked.
→He suggested listening to the music.
4.直接引语是感叹句时
间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。
She said, "What a lovely day it is !"
→She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.
5．如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：
（1） 一般现在时变为一般过去时
（2） 现在进行时变为过去进行时
（3） 一般将来时变为过去将来时
（4） 现在完成时变为过去完成时
（5） 一般过去时变为过去完成时
（6） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时
[注意]
（1） 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."
→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
（2） 如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如：
He said to me, "I was born in 1973."
→He told me that he was born in 1973.
(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
He said, "I'm a boy, not a girl."
→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.
(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."
→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.
(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：
He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."
→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：
The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."
→The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.
He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."
→He said that he could swim when he was only six.
二、时间状语的变化
直接引语变间接引语时，有些时间状语根据情况也要相应的改动：如将now改为then，将today 改为that day，将tonight改为that night，将yesterday改为the day before，将this month改为that month，将last week改为the week before，将three years ago改为three years before，将tomorrow改为the next day，将next year改为the next year，等等。如：
He said, “I’m very busy now.”→He said that he was very busy then.
He said, “I want to leave today.”→He said that he wanted to leave that day.
He said, “She left yesterday.”→He said that she had left the day before.
She said, “I’ll tell you tomorrow.”→She said that she would tell me the next day.
三、代词的变化
在直接引语变为间接引语时，有些代词也要作相应的变化，如指示代词this和these通常变为that和those。同时人称代词、物主代词、反身代词等也要根据具体情况作出合理的调整。
He said, “I think this is the best.”→He said that he thought that was the best.
“I’ll send you a card, Sue,” Ann said.→Ann told Sue she’d send her a card.
注：若场所和地点不发生改变，this和that也可以不变
四、地点状语的变化
主要涉及的地点状语是here，它在间接引语中通常要变为there。如：
“I’ve live here for 10 years,” he said. 他说：“我在这儿已住了10年。”
→He said that he had lived there for 10 years. 他说他在那儿住了10年。
注：若在当地转述，则here也可不必改为there
五、动词的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，有个别动词也可能需要改变，如come改为go，bring改为take等。如：
“He will come today.” she said. 她说：“他今天会来。”
→She said that he would go that day. 她说他那天会去。
注：若地点和场所未发生改变，come和bring等也可不变。
六、词序的变化
对于直接引语为疑问句的情形，由于变为间接引语后“疑问句”变成了宾语从句，所以要注意将疑问句词序改为陈述句词序。如(from )：
“Do you know this man?” he asked. “你认识这个人吗？”他问。
→He asked if [whether] I knew that man. 他问我是否认识那个人。
“Is anyone late for class?” he asked. 他问道：“上课有人迟到吗？”
→He asked if [whether] anyone was late for class. 他问上课是否有人迟到。
“What do you do in the evening?” he asked “你一般晚上做什么?”他问。
→He asks what I did in the evening. 他问我晚上一般干什么。
七、句式的变化
有时由直接引语变为间接引语时，其句式也要发生变化。如当直接引语为祈使句时，变为间接引语时，通常应将祈使句改用ask [tell, order] sb (not) to do sth句式。如：
“Come early tomorrow, Jim,” he said. 他说：“吉姆，明天早点来。”
→He told Jim to come early the next day. 他叫吉姆第二天早点来。
He said, “Don’t open the door.” 他说：“别开门。”
He told me not to open the door. 他叫我别开门。
注：(1) 除动词 ask, tell, order 外，有时也可能用其他动词。如：
“Remember to switch off all the lights,” she said. 她说：“记着把所有的灯关掉。”
She reminded me to switch off all the lights. 她提醒我把所有的灯关掉。
(2) 若祈使句中没有呼语，应根据句意给动词 ask, tell, order 等补上适当的宾语。如：
“Be quiet, Tom,” the teacher said. “汤姆，安静点，”老师说。
The teacher told Tom to be quiet. 老师叫汤姆安静。