M6U1Grammar.doc

M6U1 Grammar
Overview：infinitive, verb-ing and verb-ed（I）
一．定义
在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）
非谓语动词在句中可充当不同成分。
二．用法
1． 充当主语---不定式和动名词。
① 不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。往往用it 作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。如：
It took us two hours to finish the job.
It is impossible for us to get there on time.
It is very kind of you to help us.
注意：（1）其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。
（2）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is …to…的句型。试比较：
It is to believe to see.（错）
To see is to believe.（对）“百闻不如一见”
（3）It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 结构中，当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用of, 否则用 for.
② 动名词作主语，谓语用单数。It代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构：如：
Seeing is believing.
Playing with fire is dangerous.
It’s no good/use waiting here.
2. 充当定语---to do，doing, done.
① 不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如：
I have a lot of work to do.（动宾关系）
He is looking for a room to live in.（动状关系）
He is the first person to think of the idea.（主谓关系）
He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位关系）
注意：不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语时，不定式用主动形式表被动。如：
Do you have anything else to say?
② 动名词作定语，一般表示用途。如：
a waiting room，a diving board，a reading room，a dining hall
③ A. 单个分词作定语，分词前置。如：
The sleeping boy is my son.
The excited people rushed into the building.
A lost opportunity never returns.
He is a retired worker.
B. 分词短语作定语，分词后置；分词修饰不定代词something等要后置；个别分词如give，left等作定语也后置。如：
The girl standing under the tree is my niece.
The building built last year is our library.
This is the question given.
There is nothing interesting.
C. 过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如：
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists
即时巩固：
1).The first textbook _____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A have written B to be written C being written D written
2). What’s the language ______ in Germany?
A speaking B spoken C be spoken D to speak
3). Prices of daily goods ______ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A are bought B bought C been bought D buying.
4). When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ______ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”
A read B reads C to read D reading
D. 区别现在分词和过去分词
（1）
falling leaves 正在掉落的叶子

fallen leaves 掉在地上的叶子 （fall vi.掉下）

牢记：现在分词和过去分词都可以作定语，现在分词表示①主动②进行，过去分词表示①被动②完成，但Vi的过去分词，只表示完成，不表示被动　
(2)
The meeing being held now is important.

The meeting held yesterday is important.
注：现在分词和过去分词都可以作定语，它们的区别主要体现在时间上：现在分词强调正在进行，过去分词表示动作已经完成。
即时巩固：
The Town Hall ______ in the 1800’s was the most distinguished building at that time.
A. to be completed　 B. having been completed　 C. completed 　D. being completed
3. 充当宾语补足语----不定式，现在分词和过去分词。
① 动词+宾语+不定式（to do ）。如：
He warned me to be careful.
I want you to speak to Tom.
What makes you think so?（不带to的不定式）
动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构。如：
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
The book is believed to be uninteresting.（被动语态）
There +不定式。如：
We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
注意：（1）有些动词需用 as 短语作补语，像regard, think, believe, take, consider。如：
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
（2）在动词feel （一感），hear, listen to（二听），have, let, make（三让），notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。如：
They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.
② 分词和不定式一样，在一些感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语。如：
I smell something burning.
I heard him singing the song.
I heard my name called.
I can’t make myself understood in English.
I found my car missing.
I’ll have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。
即时巩固：
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year.
A carry out B carrying out C carried out D to carry out
③ 区分现在分词与过去分词
现在分词和过去分词都可以用在“Vt.+宾语+宾补”结构中作宾补。这时我们要分析宾语和宾补之间的关系。用现在分词表示两者存在主动关系和动作正在进行（有时表示动作一直持续，常带段时间状语）；用过去分词表示存在被动关系。
I saw Tom beating someone. (主动，进行)
I saw Tom beaten by someone. （被动）
He had his horse running all day. 他让他的马整天跑。 （主动，持续）
能用现在分词作宾补的动词常见的有see，hearwatch，notice，find, feel, smell以及keep，set，leave等。 （现在分词强调动作正在进行或一直持续）
　　We saw him coming. 我看见他正过来。
　　They had their lights burning all night long. 他们让灯整夜亮着。
　　Don’t leave her waiting outside in the rain. 别让她在外面雨中等着。(使……处于什么状态)
即时巩固：
After a knock at the door, the child heard his mother’s voice ______ him.
A. calling 　　　B. called　　　 C. being called　　　 D. to call
练习题：
1. Mrs.White showed her students some old maps ______ from the library.
A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing
2. There is a great deal of evidence ______ that music activities engage different parts of the brain.
A. indicate B. indicating C. to indicate D. to be indicating
3. With the government’s aid, those _____ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.
A. affect B. affecting C. affected D. were affected
4. Throughout history, the language _____ by a powerful group spreads across a civilization
A. speaking B. spoken C. to speak D. to be spoken
5. Recently a survey _______ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.
A．compared B．comparing C．compares D．being compared
6. They use computers to keep the traffic smoothly.
A. being run B. run C. to run D. running
7. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it ______ often enough.
A. explaining    B. to explain   C. explain     D.explained
8. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English ______in a short period.
A.improved B.improving C.to improve D.improve
9．— You look upset. What’s the matter？
— I had my proposal _______ again.
A．turned over B．turned on C．turned off D．turned down
10. A communicative satellite ______ as much as 3.5 tons was sent up into space last week.
A weighing B weighed C to be weighed D being weighed
11 . With the magazine An Express Way to English _____ us , we will improved our language skills a lot.
A helping B helped C has helped D to help
12. It displeases my parents when Richard and I stay out late at night. My parents don’t approve ______.
A. of Richard and me staying out late at night
B. of me and Richard staying out late at night
C. to Richards’s and my staying out late at night
D. when Richard and me stay out late at night
13. The man ______ of shooting 6 school children was caught by Beijing police, the Xinhua News Agency reported on Friday.
A. being suspected B. suspecting C. suspected D. to be suspected
14. Five people won the “China’s Green Figure” award, a title______ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.
A. being given B.is given C. given D. was given
15. AIDS is said ______ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.
A. that it is B.to be C. that it has been D. to have been
16. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games ______ in Beijing in 2008.
A. hold B. holding C. held D.to be held
17. If you think that treating a woman well means always ____ her permission for things, think again.
A.gets B.got C. to get D. getting
18. There have been several new events ____ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
A. add B. to add C.adding D. added
19. I can’t stand ____ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses ____ talking while she works.
A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping
C. working; to stop D.to work; to stop
20. After finishing his homework he went on_________ a letter to his parents.
　 A. write　 B. writing　 C. wrote　　　 D. to write

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