第11课时-第五章-语言技能与写作技巧03.doc

　　4.对比
　　当我们要在前后两个句子或者一个句子的前后两部分表达不同或截然相反的意思时，就可以运用对比这种写作手法。对比是用来表达或区别好与坏，优与劣，强与弱或分析事物本身长短处的有效方法。用来表示对比的词和短语有：although, even though, while和however等。However用于对比相反的事物、思想和情况；although用来表示一种让人惊讶的对比，与even though（if）基本相同，只是语气稍弱一些；while/ whereas则一般用于相同思想、事物和情况之间的对比。
　　Turnover increased; however, profitability fell.
　　营业额上升了，但是利润率却下降了。
　　Although turnover increased, profitability fell.
　　尽管营业额上升了，利润率还是下降了。
　　Profitability fell even though turnover increased.
　　即使在营业额上升的情况下，利润率还是下降了。
　　It would be difficult to ventilate Site B, while/ whereas the exterior position of Site A would improve ventilation.
　　B场地很难通风，而A场地的外部位置则会改善通风状况。
　　While I know the good opportunity in the proposed investment, I fully realize the risks that may be involved in it.
　　虽然我知道所提议的投资是一次极好的机会，但我也充分认识到其可能的风险。
　　（前三句讲述的内容相同，但语气各不相同，第三句的语气最重。第四第五句是相同事物之间的比较。）
　　练习四　选用上述方法组合下列对比句子。
　　1. There are only six recruiters.They do most of the work.
　　Although there are only six recruiters, they do most of the work.
　　2. Site B would be easy to build on.Site A would require new foundations.
　　Site B would be easy to build on, while site A would require new foundations.
　　3. Salaries have been fixed for two year.They will be revised if business improves.
　　Salaries have been fixed for two years. However, they will be revised if business improves.
　　4. The recruitment agency concentrated on the UK.Its competitors turned to foreign markets.
　　The recruitment agency concentrated on the UK, whereas its competitors turned to foreign markets.
　　5. There are ten managers.Only the Managing Director has decision-making power.
　　Although there are ten managers, only the Managing Director has the decision-making power.
　　6. Working conditions are above average.There is no rest room.
　　Working conditions are above average. However, there is no rest room.
　　7. The Recruitment Managers received a basic salary of $ 7250.They benefited from high Rates of commission.
　　The Recruitment Managers received a basic salary of $ 7250 even though they benefited from high rates of commission.
　　8. Prospective clients were offered discounted rates for the first year of business.Many of these new clients continued to pay less after the first contract year.
　　Although prospective clients were offered discounted rates for the first year of business, many of these new clients continued to pay less after the first contract year.
　　9. There are eight managers.There are only seven non-management staff.
　　There are ten managers whereas there are only seven non-management staff.
　　10. Site A would easy to ventilate.Site B would be exposed to fumes from the shop floor.
　　Site A will be easy to ventilate, whereas site B will be exposed to fumes from the shop floor.
　　5.举例
　　通过使用for example，for instance，such as，like或者or等词或短语进行举例，以描述文章上下文关系也是商务英语写作中的一种重要语言手法。它使抽象笼统的描述具体化，更加有说服力，更能引起读者的兴趣。
　　The British fleet prevented Germany from importing such essentials as foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton, rubber and tin, so necessary in the work of war.
　　英国舰队阻止了德国进口战争所需的诸如食品、石油、棉花、橡胶、锡这样的必需品。
　　In a friendship such as ours a few slips are of no consequence.
　　在像我们这样的友谊中几个失误是不会产生不良后果的。
　　Some trade unions, the Electrical Trades Union for example, gave us their full support in the labor dispute.
　　一些工会，比如电器行业协会，在劳资纠纷中给予了我们毫无保留的支持。
　　The world needs international bodies like the World Trade Organization to regulate the economic and trade development.
　　世界需要像世界贸易组织这样的国际经济机构来指导经济与贸易的发展。
　　另外的例子可参考书中P150
　　This semester several useful and interesting courses have been offered. An Introduction to European Culture, for instance, gives us a lot of background knowledge of the history of European philosophy, literature, and arts. From time to time we see slides shows（幻灯片） of famous paintings and hear tapes of famous pieces of music, and they make the lectures all the more interesting. American Society and Culture is another course that attracts a large audience. The teacher, who visited the United States not long ago, discusses new trends and changes in American life as well as American history and traditions. We like these and other courses very much, because they help us not only to improve our English but also to broaden our vision.
　　有时候在写作中不用表示举例的词或短语而直接举例也是可以的。请看下面一例：
　　Knowledge often results only after persistent investigation（坚持不懈的调研）. Albert Einstein, after a long examination of the characteristics（特征） of matter and energy, put forward his famous theory of Relativity（相对论）. After years of work Annie Jump Cannon perfected the classification（分类） of some 3500000 stars. Investigations into the cause of different diseases provide us with the means for prevention and cure（防止与治疗） of the disease only after many years of research.
　　练习五　将下列各题组合成完整而符合逻辑的句子。
　　1. particularly those/ doctors recommend/ like reading, typing, or sewing/ that/ who spend many hours/ everyone exercise everyday/ doing sedentary work/
　　Doctors recommend that everyone exercise everyday, particularly those who spend many hours doing sedentary work like reading, typing, or sewing.
　　　sedentary：adj. 久坐的, 坐惯的, 土生的, 不移栖的, 沉积的
　　2. training animals/ more dangerous than/ for instance/ jobs/ truck driving/ there are/
　　There are jobs more dangerous than truck driving, for instance, training animals.
　　3. automobiles and computers/ to export/ such as/ more and more/ they have shifted（32：58 口误，shifted读成了lifted）/ high-tech products/
　　They have shifted to export more and more high-tech products, such as automobiles and computers.
　　4. extended family/ in most countries/ are/ such things as/ out of date/
　　Such things as extended family are out of date in most countries.
　　5. from poverty/ many great people/ for example/ in the world/ Lincoln and Edison/ have risen/
　　Many great people in the world have risen from poverty, for example, Lincoln and Edison.
　　6.先后顺序关系
　　在商务英语写作中，有时通常要借助一些表顺序关系的词或者短语来描述经过、程序、原因、种类、措施、结论和建议等。常用的这类词以及短语主要有first, second, third, last, before, after, then, next, finally, followed by, preceded by等；另外还可用基数one, two, three等和阿拉伯数字123等。
　　First, I have to read through this book; then, I decide which part is more important; next, I make good preparation of the teaching materials; and finally, we learn this subject together.
　　练习六
　　1. 在下面这一短文适当的位置加上合适的表示先后顺序关系的词：
　　Our manager likes traveling by train better than by airplane. First, traveling by train costs less, so a lot of money can be saved. Second, it gives him a closer look at the cities and countryside than he could get from an airplane. Third, he finds that the passengers on the train are easy to talk with, and they are a good source of useful information; on the other hand, many airplane passengers are businessmen who keep busy with their own work while flying. Fourth, trains seem to be safer than airplanes. For these reasons, he prefers trains to airplanes unless he has to get somewhere in a hurry.
　　2.将下面这几个段落重新按正确的顺序排列，并指出顺序排列的方法：
　　1）By the end of the 19th century a majority of Americans were living in urban areas, and the family was very much influenced by the rapid development of industrialization. With the arrival of immigrants, the family pattern became varied.
　　2）The major change in the family in this century has been due to married women entering the workforce. This, at least for periods of time, has taken the woman out of the full-time involvement in the home.
　　3）Many changes have occurred in the American family. In the late 18th century almost 63 percent of all persons lived in the households of five or more people and women usually stayed at home looking after children and doing chores.
　　4）In the 20th century, the ideal American family consisted of a husband and wife living with dependent children. They lived in a household of their own provided for by the husband's earnings. The wife was responsible for emotional maintenance of the marriage and for raising the children and running the household.
　　第一段：3）；第二段：1）；第三段：4）；第四段：2）
　　3.阅读下面几篇短文，指出它们分别属于哪一种先后顺序的叙述方法：
　　（1）In 1914, Thomas Watson founded International Business Machines Corporation（IBM）, nicknamed Big Blue. Since then, it has mass producing business equipment, particularly computers. In 1985, IBM employed more than 400,000 people and registered sales of more than $ 50 billion. It dominated its industry and became a market leader. However, between 1985 and 1987, the situation changed: its market share eroded, its earnings declined, and its stock lagged behind others by about 20 percent.　　时间
　　（2）Money, as a medium of exchange, permits the separation of exchange into the two distinct acts of buying and selling. Another advantage of money is that it is a measure of value-that is, it serves as a unit in terms of which the relative values of different products can be expressed. The third one is that money acts as a store of wealth.　　作用
　　（3）The procedure for conducting a promotion review is that the promotion review panel meets and discusses each employee after receiving SOPs（Standards of Performance） from all departments. The panel should analyze not only the employee's past record but also his or her potential in the future. This will mean that the panel must have previously obtained up-to-date information on promotion possibilities. When they have done all this, they then invite the employee to an informal interview, which should aim to assess the employee's own expectations and ambitions. Having completed this session, the panel should meet privately to decide on recommendations which are finally submitted to the Board.　　程序
　　（4）Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Second, a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Finally, the technology, quality, design and style of an identical product made by other countries are different.　　原因

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