英美政治体系比较.doc

英美政治体系比较 （附有英文版）
美国政治体系的利益： 三权分立 互相制衡 。
美国政治体系弊端： 权利和权力来自军工石油复合体 简单就是钱驱动政治平衡
英国 政治体系利益：君主立宪 司法独立
英国 政治体系弊端： 效率和虚伪的等级封建残余（比如王室的象征性授予爵位 人为驱动社会分级） 并维护保守力量

美国是典型的资本主义民主制国家，民主的价值观和原则在美国的政治制度和政治实践中主要体现为三权分立、代议制、政党政治、利益集团政治、新闻自由和公民权利等。美国政府机构包括立法、行政、司法三个系统，每个系统起着各自的作用，同时又相互制约，它们是直接的政策制定者。另外美国又是一个权力多元化的社会，各种社会力量如政党、利益集团、媒体同样参与政策制定。

表面上看来 决策的效率不可能很高，但进一步分析和研究后发现，问题并不这么简单，

（一） 民主政治是政府合法性的基础
“西方政治思想史描绘的是一套价值——正义、自由、平等和私有权神圣不可侵犯——的发展和阐发。 因此，人们一直关心在多大程度上制度促进这些被认为是政体之核心的价值。”自由主义的基础是个人主义，个人主义强调个人的自由、个人的参与或个人的经济活动，认为个体的性质决定集体的性质，这种秩序规定了个人与国家、自由与强制的关系，规定了公共权威强制力的适用范围，也包含了规范个人与权威关系必不可少的法律结构。

二）公共利益的界定
批评美国民主政治决策效率低下的一个重要理由是它损害了公共利益。在一些事关国家利益或全民族整体利益的重大问题上，需要政府及时而果断地作出决定时，决策效率低下的弊端显而易见。然而，对决策效率的肯定有一个不可缺少的前提条件，即高效率作出的决策是正确的，是符合公共利益的。

（三）改革的渐进性
效率主要针对的是某种政治制度满足政府基本功能的程度，一种社会制度的生存能力不仅取决于“民主”这样的价值判断因素，而且也取决于效率，价值判断与取向解决的是某种政治统治是否具有合法性的问题。

通过以上分析可以看出，在美国政治中民主和效率在有些时候和一定程度上是一对矛盾，但解决这一矛盾的方法不能靠取消民主制度来实现的，“消除民主弊端的办法是更多的民主。

英国的政体为君主立宪制
英国宪法不是一个独立的文件，由成文法、习惯法、惯例等组成。主要有大宪章（1215年）、人身保护法（1679年）、权利法案（1689年）、议会法（1911、1949年）以及历次修改的选举法、市自治法、郡议会法等。政体为君主立宪制。国王是国家元首、最高司法长官、武装部队总司令和英国圣公会的“最高领袖”，形式上有权任免首相、各部大臣、高级法官、军官、各属地的总督、外交官、主教及英国圣公会的高级神职人员等，并有召集、停止和解散议会，批准法律，宣战媾和等权力，但实权在内阁。苏格兰有自己独立的法律体系。 【议会】最高司法和立法机构，由国王、上院和下院组成。上院（贵族院）包括王室后裔、世袭贵族、新封贵族、上诉法院法官和教会大主教及主教

英文

The interests of the American political system: the separation of powers and checks and balances.
American political system defects: the rights and powers from the military industrial oil complex is the simple money-driven political balance
British political interests of the system: constitutional independence of the judiciary
British political system disadvantages: the efficiency and the hypocrisy of the feudal hierarchy (for example, a symbol of royal title awarded man-made community-driven classification) and the maintenance of a conservative force

The United States is the typical capitalist democracy, democratic values and principles in the United States political system and political practice, mainly reflected in the separation of powers, representative, political parties, interest groups, political, and civil rights such as freedom of the press. U.S. government agencies, including legislative, administrative, judicial systems, each system plays the role of each, with each other at the same time constraints, which are direct policy-makers. In addition the United States is the power of a pluralistic society, all kinds of social forces such as political parties, interest groups, the media also involved in policy formulation.

On the surface the efficiency of decision-making can not be very high, but further analysis and research found that the problem is not as simple as that

(A) is legality of the democratic basis
"Depicts the history of Western political thought is a set of values - justice, freedom, equality and sanctity of private ownership - and elucidation of the development. As a result, people have been concerned about the extent to which the promotion of these systems are considered the core of the system of government Value. "Liberalism is based on individualism, individualism, the emphasis on individual freedom, individual or individuals involved in economic activities that the individual nature of the collective nature of this order provides for individual and national, free and compulsory relationship , Provides for the public authority of the scope of application of coercive power but also regulate the relationship between the individual and the authority of the essential structure of the law.

(B) the definition of public interest
U.S. criticism of democratic decision-making efficiency is an important reason is that it undermines the public interest. In some bearing on the national interests of the whole nation as a whole or the interests of the major issues that need timely and decisive decision-making, inefficient decision-making of the obvious drawbacks. However, the efficiency of decision-making sure there is an indispensable precondition for that is to make efficient decision-making is correct, the public interest.

(C) the reform of the progressive
Efficiency is the target of a political system to meet the basic functions of government, a social system depends not only on the viability of "democracy" to judge the value of such factors, but also depends on the efficiency and value-oriented solution is a Whether the rule of political legitimacy.

Through the above analysis we can see that in the United States in political democracy and efficiency in some cases, and to a certain extent, is a contradiction, but to resolve this contradiction can not rely on the abolition of the democratic system to achieve the "elimination of the defects of democracy is more And more democracy.

Britain's constitutional monarchy form of government for
Constitution of the United Kingdom is not a separate document, by law, customary law, such as the composition of the practice. There are Magna Carta (1215), Habeas Corpus Act (1679), the Bill of Rights (1689), the Parliament Act (1911,1949) and various amendments to the electoral law, the city of autonomy, the county council, and other laws. As a constitutional monarchy form of government. King is the Head of State, the highest judicial Executive, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and the Church of England's "supreme leader" has the right to form the appointment and removal of the Prime Minister, Minister of ministries, senior judges, military officers, all of dependencies of the Governor, diplomats, bishops and the United Kingdom St. Association, and other senior clergy, and to convene, and to stop the dissolution of the parliament, approved the law, such as the power to declare war to make peace, but the real power in the Cabinet. Scotland has its own independent legal system. Parliament】 【highest judicial and legislative institutions, by the King, the House of Lords and the composition of the lower house. Upper House (House of Lords), including descendants of the royal family, the hereditary aristocracy, the aristocracy of the new closure, the Court of Appeal judges and bishops and the Archbishop of the Church