输出轴(CA6140车床)加工工艺及夹具设计[外文翻译-文献综述-开题报告].doc

理工科类

本科生毕业设计（论文）开题报告

论文(设计)题目
输出轴（CA6140车床）加工

工艺及夹具设计
作者所在系别
机械系
作者所在专业
机械设计制造及其自动化
作者所在班级

作 者 姓 名

作 者 学 号
19
指导教师姓名

指导教师职称
教授
完 成 时 间

2
年
3
月

北华航天工业学院教务处制

说 明
1．根据学校《毕业设计(论文)工作暂行规定》，学生必须撰写《毕业设计（论文）开题报告》。开题报告作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。
2．开题报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业设计（论文）工作前期内完成，经指导教师签署意见及所在专业教研室论证审查后生效。开题报告不合格者需重做。
3．毕业设计开题报告各项内容要实事求是，逐条认真填写。其中的文字表达要明确、严谨，语言通顺，外来语要同时用原文和中文表达。第一次出现缩写词，须注出全称。
4．开题报告中除最后一页外均由学生填写，填写各栏目时可根据内容另加附页。
5．阅读的主要参考文献应在10篇以上（土建类专业文献篇数可酌减），其中外文资料应占一定比例。本学科的基础和专业课教材一般不应列为参考资料。
6．参考文献的书写应遵循毕业设计（论文）撰写规范要求。
7．开题报告应与文献综述、一篇外文译文和外文原文复印件同时提交，文献综述的撰写格式按毕业设计（论文）撰写规范的要求，字数在2000字左右。

毕业设计(论文)开题报告
学生姓名

专 业
机械设计及其自动化
班 级
B0
指导教师姓名

职 称
副教授
工作单位

课题来源
教师自拟课题
课题性质
应用设计
课题名称
输出轴（CA6140车床）加工工艺及夹具设计
本设计的科学依据
（科学意义和应用前景，国内外研究概况，目前技术现状、水平和发展趋势等）
输出轴的主要作用，一是传递转矩，使主轴获得旋转的动力；二是工作过程中经常承受载荷；三是支撑传动零部件
市场经济的前提下，一切都是为能创造出更多的财富和提高劳动率为目的，同样的加工方法的选择一般考虑的是在保证工件加工要求的前提下，译稿工件的加工效率和经济性，而在具体的选择上，一般根据机械加工资料和工人的经验来确定。由于方法的多种多样，工人在选择时一般结合具体的工件和现场的加工条件来确定最佳的加工方案。
我国的数控机床水平不错，每年都有大量出口，因为它简单，基本属于劳动密集型。金属加工主要是去除材料，得到想得到的金属形状。去除材料，主要靠车和铣，车床发展为数控车床，铣床发展为加工中心。高精度多轴机床，可以让复杂零件在精度和形状上一次到位，最新的复合数控机床几天甚至几个小时就全干好了，而且精度比你设计的还高。零件精度高就意味着寿命长，可靠性好。美国政府重视机床工业，美国国防部等部门因其军事方面的需求而不断提出机床的发展方向、科研任务,并且提供充足的经费，且网罗世界人才，特别讲究“效率”和“创新”，注重基础科研。德国政府一贯重视机床工业的重要战略地位，在多方面大力扶植。尤其重视数控机床主机及配套件之先进实用，其机、电、液、气、光、刀具、测量、数控系统、各种功能部件，在质量、性能上居世界前列。
目前，较为流行的粗加工工艺是使用普通铣床和钻床；精加工采用数控磨床加工；超精加工采用数控磨床和高精密镗床，带尺寸控制装置。
设计内容和预期成果
（具体设计内容和重点解决的技术问题、预期成果和提供的形式）

工作内容及最终成果：

一、工作内容
1、 进行课题调研，消化课题设计所需的理论知识。
2、 查阅相关资料，完成开题、外文资料翻译、文献综述。
3、进行理论分析，完成加工工艺过程的方案设计。
4、根据加工工艺过程的方案，进行加工机床及刀具的选择。
5、进行加工专用夹具的设计、计算和分析；并撰写夹具使用说明书。
6、对重点工序进行工艺分析。
7、撰写毕业论文，进行毕业答辩。

二、最终成果
1、加工工艺发展趋势。
2、加工工艺规程。
3、专用夹具插件图。
4、专用夹具设计结构装配图。
5、加工过程中特殊工序的实现方法。
6、毕业设计论文
拟采取设计方法和技术支持
（设计方案、技术要求、实验方法和步骤、可能遇到的问题和解决办法等）
总体设计要求及技术要点：
1. 对给定零件进行工艺过程设计，并编制相应的工序卡片；
a) 绘制零件图，并对零件进行结构及工艺分析；
b) 拟定加工工艺路线，包括加工方法、定位基准选择及转换、尺寸链计算、机床、刀具和工装的选择等；
c) 按照标准割舍和内容，编写详细的零件机加工艺规程，并形成文件；
2. 专用夹具的设计
技术要点：
a) 根据工艺要求，设计并绘制指定工序的专用夹具装配图。要求结构合理，工作效率高，制造方便，尽量降低成本和制造难度并对夹具精度和技术经济性进行分析。
b) 设计并绘制夹具所有非标零件的零件图；
c) 根据夹具设计和制造特点，制订每个非标零件的加工文件。
3. 可能遇到的问题和解决办法：
a) 理论上设计出的刀具及夹具的参数与现实中不符。
解决办法：应以现实为主，不应该追求理论上的数值，要在不影响零件加工的前提下，准确的选择刀具及夹具。
b) 设计出的零件理论上可行，但实际加工不出来或无法加工
解决办法：零件的设计是为应用而服务的，设计出的零件不仅可以使用，而且要考虑其经济性
实现本项目预期目标和已具备的条件
（包括过去学习、研究工作基础，现有主要仪器设备、设计环境及协作条件等）
预期目标：
1、输出轴工工艺发展趋势。
2、输出轴工工艺规程。
3、专用夹具插件图。
4、专用夹具设计结构装配图。
5、输出轴加工过程中特殊工序的实现方法。
6、毕业设计论文。
已具备条件：
1、机械制造工艺及夹具设计理论的学习。
2、第六学期的夹具拆装实习和机加工艺生产实习。
3、在保定550螺旋桨制造厂进行生产实习。
4、在图书馆查到的相关文献
各环节拟定阶段性工作进度
(以周为单位)
时间进度安排：
第七学期
第10周～第13周：查阅资料，撰写文献综述，外文资料翻译；
第14周～第16周：开题报告撰写、修改，完成开题。
第八学期
第 1 周～第 3 周：理论分析，工艺方案可行性评价，方案确定；
第 4 周～第12周：工艺流程设计，工艺文件编制，工装设计，工装使用说明书撰写；
第13周～第16周：毕业论文撰写，毕业答辩
开 题 报 告 审 定 纪 要
时 间

地点

主持人

参
会
教
师
姓 名
职 务（职 称）
姓 名
职 务（职 称）

论
证
情
况
摘
要

记录人：

指
导
教
师
意
见

指导教师签名： 年 月 日

教
研
室
意
见

教研室主任签名： 年 月 日

密 级

分类号

编 号

成 绩

本科生毕业设计 (论文)

外 文 翻 译

原 文 标 题
Introduction of Machining

译 文 标 题
加工基础

作者所在系别
机械系
作者所在专业
机械设计制造及其自动化
作者所在班级

作 者 姓 名

作 者 学 号
19
指导教师姓名

指导教师职称
副教授
完 成 时 间

年
3
月

北华航天工业学院教务处制

译文标题
加工基础
原文标题
Introduction of Machining
作 者
Hoskins, Josiah
译 名
霍斯金斯，乔赛亚
国 籍
美国
原文出处

Introduction of Machining
Have a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.
Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.
Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.
Primary Cutting Parameters
Cutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.
Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry -- to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics -- for each cutting process must be correct.
Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.
Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。
Depth of penetration of a cutting tool -- to inches dollars -- is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.
Wears of Cutting Tool
We already have been processed and the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool, we learn that tool wear are basically three forms : flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade. On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check, That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vice-bladed on, it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible failure of the product and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified parts.
As Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This results from a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear cross-sectional shape of an arc. In many instances and for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear compared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. but because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in high-speed cutting happen.
The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends more visible, which is the most common. This is because the local effect, which is as rough on the surface has hardened layer, This effect is by cutting in front of the hardening of t he work piece. Not just cutting, and as oxidation skin, the blade local high temperature will also cause this effect. This partial wear normally referred to as pit sexual wear, but occasionally it is very serious. Despite the emergence of the pits on the Cutting Tool nature is not meaningful impact, but often pits gradually become darker If cutting continued the case, then there cutter fracture crisis.
If any form of sexual allowed to wear, eventually wear rate increase obviously will be a tool to destroy failure destruction, that will no longer tool for cutting, cause the work piece scrapped, it is good, can cause serious damage machine. For various carbide cutting tools and for the various types of wear, in the event of a serious lapse, on the tool that has reached the end of the life cycle. But for various high-speed steel cutting tools and wear belonging to the non-uniformity of wear, has been found : When the wear and even to allow for a serious lapse, the most meaningful is that the tool can re-mill use, of course, In practice, cutting the time to use than the short time lapse. Several phenomena are one tool serious lapse began features : the most common is the sudden increase cutting force, appeared on the work piece burning ring patterns and an increase in noise.
The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting Temperatures
In metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and this results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip.
Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and cutting temperatures will reduce. When considering increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more comples. An increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thickness tends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the workpiece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed, however, reduce the amount of heat which passes into the workpiece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip in primary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since it has been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate, it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data.
The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high-speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright&Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructural changes to thermal history.
Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of workpiece materials. This technique has been further developed by using scanning electron microscopy to study fine-scale microstructural changes srising from over tempering of the tempered martensitic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperature distributions in both high-speed-steel single point turning tools and twist drills.
Automatic Fixture Design
Assembly equipment used in the traditional synchronous fixture put parts of the fixture mobile center, to ensure that components from transmission from the plane or equipment plate placed after removal has been scheduled for position. However, in certain applications, mobile mandatory parts of the center line, it may cause parts or equipment damage. When parts vulnerability and may lead to a small vibration abandoned, or when their location is by machine spindle or specific to die, Tolerance again or when the request is a sophisticated, it would rather let the fixture to adapt to the location of parts, and not the contrary. For these tasks, Elyria, Ohio, the company has developed Zaytran a general non-functional data synchronization West category FLEXIBILITY fixture. Fixture because of the interaction and synchronization devices is independent, The synchronous device can use sophisticated equipment to replace the slip without affectin