七年级英语下册-Unit-6-Finding-the-Way-Lesson-3-and-Lesson-4重难点解析-教科版.doc

Unit 6 Finding the Way大声读单词1. painting n. 画2. government n. 政府3. carry v. 携带，运送重点词汇1. painting 要点：n. 绘画，油画 traditional Chinese painting 中国画知识拓展：paint + ingpaint n. (1)油漆；颜料Theres paint on your clothes. 你衣服上有油漆。(2)化妆；化妆品She brought a box of paints to school. 她带了一盒化妆品去学校。v t, vi(1)给上油漆He painted the wall yellow. 他把墙漆成黄色。She painted the window sills a bright colour. 她把窗台漆上鲜艳的颜色。(2)（用颜料等）绘，画 paint a landscape 绘一幅风景画I paint a lot of pictures. 我画了许多画。(3)描写；描绘Their letters paint a wonderful picture of their life in Singapore. (喻)他们的信描述了他们在新加坡生活的有趣情景。2. government 要点：n. 政府 The Government is / are planning new tax increases. 政府正打算提高征税额。3. carry 要点：v. (1) to take from one place to another携带，运送 These bags carry easily.这些包便于携带。This wonderful plane can carry seven passengers. 这架奇妙的飞机能载七名乘客。That pipe carries water. 那管子是送水用的。Pipes carry oil across the desert. 管道将石油输送过沙漠。to support the weight of, to bear 支撑；支持 This pillar carries the whole roof. 这根柱子支撑着整个屋顶。（三）重点解析：被动语态1）什么是语态？英语句子中谓语动词除了有时态之外，还有语态，表示主语和谓语的不同关系，这就是谓语动词所处的状态，即动词的语态。英语动词的语态主要有两种，即主动语态和被动语态。(1)什么是主动语态？当谓语动词的动作是由主语发出时，叫做“主动语态”，这时主语是动作的发出者，即动作的执行者，其正常语序为“主 + 谓 + 宾”。(2)什么是被动语态？当谓语动词的动作不是主语发出时，叫做“被动语态”，这时句子中的主语不是谓语动词动作的发出者，而是承受者，其实质是将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态句子的主语，同时将主动语态句子中的谓语动词部分变为 “be + 动词的过去分词”形式，充当被动语态句子的谓语成分。2）为什么要使用被动语态？【核心概念】英语语言的根本特征之一是：主次分明，开门见山。被动语态正是使句意重心按这一特征把要突出的信息放在句首，把次要的信息放在句尾，或省略。完成这一任务仍需要对谓语动词的词形进行变化。当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没必要指出谁是动作的执行者时，或我们更关心动作的承受者时，应使用被动语态。英语中被动语态用的比汉语中的多，这是由英语语言的特点决定的。3）被动语态的用法：(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者，用被动语态。例： My watch was stolen.我的手表被窃。(2)没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者，用被动语态。 例：This hat was made in China.这顶帽子是中国制造的。例：The bicycles must not be put here.这儿不准放自行车。(3)强调或突出动作的承受者时，用被动语态。例： The letter was posted.信寄了。例：He cannot be relied on.他不可靠。(4)出于礼貌、措辞等原因不愿说出动作的执行者，用被动语态。例：Anyone who sees the lion is asked to telephone the zoo and the police.有谁看见这只狮子，请给动物园和警方打电话。You are wished to do it more carefully.希望你认真一点做。(5)为使句子结构简练、紧凑，上下连贯，也即出于行文的需要，用被动语态。例：When he was still a young man, he was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons. 他年轻时，就由于政治原因被迫离开了祖国。例：Lenin often talked to his comrades and was always listened to attentively.列宁经常和同志们谈话，同志们总是留心倾听。(6)在文章标题、广告、新闻等中常用省略助动词be的被动语态。例：Telephone call placed.(TCP)电话接通了。（省略了has been）Girls Wanted.招女工。（广告用语，省略了are）Road Blocked.道路堵塞。（新闻报道，省略了is）4）主动语态变被动语态的基本表现形式： 【规则总结】(1)将主动结构中的宾语变为被动句中的主语。如：I bought a computer yesterday. A computer was bought yesterday.(2)将主动结构的谓语动词部分变为被动语态“be + 过去分词”形式。如：I bought a computer yesterday. A computer was bought yesterday.(3)将主动结构中的主语变为被动句中“by”的宾语，组成介词短语，放在被动结构中谓语动词之后。若动作的执行者无需说明或不必强调时，by组成的短语就可省略。如：My brother bought a computer yesterday. A computer was bought by my brother yesterday.(4)变为被动句后原句中时态不变。其中，第一动词反映谓语动作结束涉及的时间点，语态助动词be反映谓语动作的完成程度（进行中动作用being，已经完成动作即完成式用been）。如：I bought a computer yesterday. A computer was bought yesterday.(5)有直接宾语和间接宾语的主动结构，变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为被动语态中的主语，另一个不动。一般是将主动结构的间接宾语（指人的宾语）变为被动结构的主语；如果将主动结构中的直接宾语（指物的宾语）变为被动结构中的主语，间接宾语（指人）之前则应加介词to（可省略）或for（一般不可省略）。与介词to搭配的动词有：give, show, bring, lend, send(寄、送)等。与for 搭配的动词有：buy, make, draw(画画)等。如：We gave them some books. They were given some books.(变间接宾语为主语)或 Some books were given (to)them.（变直接宾语为主语）(6)主动结构中，如果宾语是that从句，变为被动结构时可用it作被动句的形式主语或把主动句中宾语从句的主语变为被动句的主语，宾语从句中的谓语部分变为动词不定式短语。如：They said that Tom would visit the Great Wall next Sunday.他们说汤姆下星期天要游览长城。It was said that Tom would visit the Great Wall next Sunday.据说汤姆下星期天要游览长城。或 Tom was said to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.(7)有宾语补足语的主动句子，宾语变为被动句的主语之后，宾语补足语成为了主语补足语，原来的位置一般不变。但如果宾语补足语是不带to的动词不定式，句子变成被动语态后则要加to，以便将两个动词隔开。如：We keep food cold in the fridge.我们用电冰箱保鲜食品。Food is kept cold in the fridge.Every day the tiger made one of the smaller animals bring him something to eat.老虎每天强迫一个小动物给他带吃的东西来。Every day one of the smaller animals was made to bring the tiger something to eat.(8)短语动词在主动结构中有一个不可分割的词组，在被动结构中也是如此，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。如：The nurse takes good care of the children.阿姨精心地照顾小孩。The children are taken good care of by the nurse.孩子们受到阿姨的精心照顾。A notice will be put up on the wall.墙上将张贴一张布告。The Partys policy has been successfully carried out.党的政策得以很好的贯彻执行。All applications should be handed in before Saturday.所有申请书应该在星期六以前交上来。This question has been much talked about recently.这个问题最近谈论得很多。The English evening has been put off till Friday.英语晚会已延期到星期五举行。5)比较各种时态中的主动语态和被动语态：主动语态 被动语态一般现在时：He teaches English. English is taught by him.一般过去时：He taught English. English was taught by him.一般将来时：He will teach English. English will be taught by him.一般过去将来时：He would teach English. English would be taught by him.现在进行时：He is teaching English. English is being taught by him.过去进行时：He was teaching English. English was being taught by him.现在完成时：He has taught English. English has been taught by him.过去完成时：He had taught English. English had been taught by him.6)主动形式表示被动意义：有些不及物动词（其主语大都指物）的主动语态可以表示被动意义。(1)某些动词如feel, taste, smell, sound, look等。例：The flowers smell sweet.这花很香。The bamboo chair feels cool.这个竹椅摸起来很凉快。His theory sounded reasonable.他的理论听起来有些道理。(2)某些与cant, wont等连用的不及物动词。例：It cant move.它不能动。The baby cant walk yet.这个婴儿还不会走。The door wont lock.这扇门锁不上。The window wont close.这扇窗户关不上。This photograph wont probably enlarge well.这张照片放大出来很可能效果不好。(3)某些可和well, easily, quickly，not, hardly, badly, nicely等副词连用的不及物动词，如lock, open, read, sell, teach, translate, wash, write等，用来说明主语的性质特征而不是强调被执行的动作时，用主动形式表达被动意义，例：The cloth washes very well.这布料很好洗。Some kinds of food assimilate（吸收） easily.有些种类的食物容易被吸收。This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind.这种米饭比那种熟得快。The poem translates well.这首诗翻译得很好。The cloth washes easily.这种布料容易洗。Bikes of that kind hardly sell.那种自行车很难卖出。(4)某些可用于“主+谓+主补”结构中的不及物动词。例：This material has worn thin.这种布料已磨薄了。The door blew open.门被吹开了。(5)有些不及物动词的进行时也具有被动意义。例：Prices are advancing.物价在上涨。Corn is selling briskly.谷物畅销。(6)动名词在be worth doing句型中主动形式表示被动意义。例：The book is worth reading.这本书值得读。It is hardly worth talking about.这不足挂齿。(7)动名词在need, want, require等动词后，主动形式表达被动含义。例：My watch needs repairing.我的表需要修理了。The problem requires dealing with immediately.这个问题要马上处理。7)“被动语态”与“主系表”句型的区别。当系表结构为“系动词 + 用作表语的过去分词”时，它与被动语态的形式完全一样，于是就有一个如何区分的问题。总的来说，它们有以下几点区别：(1)被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，表状态。例：The composition was written by Adams.这篇作文是亚当斯写的。（被动语态）。These articles are all sold out.这些货物全部售出了。（系表结构）(2)被动语态可用by短语表示动作的执行者；系表结构一般不用by短语。例： The window was broken by the boy who lives next door.窗户是被住在隔壁的男孩打坏的。（被动语态）The question is settled.这个问题解决了。（系表结构）(3)系表结构一般只用于一般现在时或一般过去时；被动语态则除可用于上述两种时态外，还可用于其它时态。例：The flowers will be planted next week.下周种花。（被动语态）Museums are closed to the public on Mondays.博物馆每逢周一闭馆。（系表结构）(4)系表结构中的过去分词可被very修饰；被动语态中的过去分词可用much修饰。例：He was very agitated(adj.激动的).他很激动。（系表结构）He was much agitated by the news.这消息使他很激动。(5)被动语态只有被动意义；而系表结构在下列情况下可表主动意义：过去分词表示心理感情：例：She is resolved（adj.下定决心的） to become a ballet dancer. 她决心当一名芭蕾舞演员。I am quite puzzled.我十分困惑。过去分词是反身动词：例：The open square was bathed in light.宽阔的广场沐浴在阳光中。The way was lost between the trees.小路消失在树林中。过去分词与介词搭配：例：She was scared out of her wits. 她吓得不知所措。Are you interested in this subject? 你对这门课感兴趣吗？有些句子既可是被动语态，也可是系表结构，应根据上下文去理解：例：The door was closed.门关上了。The road was mended.路修好了。Lesson 4（一）大声读单词1. supermarket n. 超级市场（二）重点词汇supermarket 要点：n. a large self-service retail market that sells food and household goods.超级市场： 大型的自助式零售市场，出售食物及家用物品information supermarket 计算机服务中心； 自动问讯处知识拓展：super 超级 + market市场【典型例题】1. A compass can in any weather. A. use B. be used C. be used for2. The sun looks small, because its the earth. A. far away B. far away form C. near3. I Browns and found the farm quite easily. A. looked at, instructions B. followed, directions C. went after, directions 4. Its difficult to find the way long distances. A. about B. for C. over5. Which word stress is different from the other two? A. compass B. direction C. government 【参考答案】1. B. 2. B. 3. B 4. C 5. B- 8 -用心 爱心 专心