如何做推理判断题.doc

阅读理解专题—如何做推理判断题
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　东海白塔高级中学　　张建玲
一、命题规律
推理判断题从语篇层面和段落层面两个方面进行。语篇层面考查考生推断主题的能力，段落层面考查考生推断段落关系和例举关系的能力。推理判断题数量上呈平稳趋势，占35%左右。简单的题目可以通过某句或某段进行细节推理，而较为复杂的题目需要在理解全文的内容及结构的基础上，进行逻辑推理。题目数量分布均匀，并且设题时往往和事实细节题相连。
二、问题中常见的词:
imply(言外之意), implication, suggest(使人联想), suggestion, infer(推论), inference, seem, appear, probably, most likely(很可能)
三、推理判断类题目常见的设问方式
1 It can be inferred /concluded/seen from the passage that ______.
2 Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage?
3 In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?

4 The passage implies, but doesn’t directly state that _______.
5 The writer suggests that ________.
6 The author probably feels that _______.
7 The author uses the example of … to show that __________.
8 What’s the author’s attitude toward _____?
四、如何推断
在阅读中，读者要从文字的表面,深入到字里行间,理解所读的内容,悟出作者的言外之意。例如：
1 … The young man quickly answered, “Yes, sir.”
从quickly 和Yes, sir. 可以推论，说话者似乎态度谦卑，甚至有点诚惶诚恐。
2 “Lots of people think I’m just a green kid(child). I’ll show them.
green 原意为“绿色的”，由此引申为“不成熟的”，这里可译作“毛孩子”。从I’ll show them可推论出两层意思：①许多人认为我只是一个毛孩子，我要做个样子给他们看看。（表示很自信）②许多人认为我只是个毛孩子，我要给他们一点颜色让他们看看。（威胁的口气）
3 The old man staggered along the sidewalk. He grabbed at the picket fence to keep from falling. His torn grey overcoat swayed open in the winter.
粗心的读者可能会从 staggered, grabbed… from falling 推论出这个老头喝醉了。显然这种推论缺乏足够的证据，因为读者忽略了His torn grey overcoat swayed open in the winter wind.这一事实。事实上，作者描述了一幅凄凉的情景。合理的推论应该是：这个老头上了年岁，贫病交加，身体很虚弱。
五、突破方法
推理判定题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。
1 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。
2 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从非凡到一般，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就是论事，断章取义，以偏概全。
3 要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。立足现在，猜测未来。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
4 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。
六、回归高考
例(1)：2008年全国卷II第52题，What can we know from the example of the Yucky Pill advertisement?
A. False statements are easy to see through. B. Half-truths are often used to mislead people.
C. Doctors like to act in advertisements. D. Advertisements are based on facts.
答案是B。 让我们先来看看原文：Advertisers(广告商)will sometimes use half-truths. It’s against the law to make false statements so they try to mislead you with the truth. An advertisement might say, “Nine out of ten doctors advised their patients to take Yucky Pills to cure toothache.” It fails to mention that they only asked ten doctors and nine of them work for the Yucky Company. 通过理解文章的第1－2句可知广告商有时使用“半真半假的陈词”来误导人们，就能推断出作者是在用Yucky Pill advertisement的例子来说明“半真半假的陈词”经常被用来误导人们的结论。
例（2）：2008年浙江高考英语第58题。Which of the following best describes Matt Reck?
A. He is a kind-hearted man. B. He is an impolite man.
C. He is an experienced gardener. D. He is a man of social responsibility.
答案是D。 我们先来阅读有关Matt Reck的内容：Matt Reck, 37, is the kind of eco-conscious(有生态意识的)person who feeds his trees with bathwater and reuses water drops from his air conditioners to water plants. His family also uses a clothesline. But on July 9, 2007, the HOA in Wake Forest, North Carolina, told him that a dissatisfied neighbor had telephoned them about his clothesline. The Recks paid no attention to the warning and still dried their clothes on a line in the yard. “Many people say they are environmentally friendly but they don’t take matters into their own hands,” says Reck. The local HOA has decided not to take any action, unless more neighbors come to them. 从以上段落可读出这些信息：Matt Reck是一个有生态意识的人，他用洗澡水养树，用从空调接来的水浇植物，在家中使用晾衣绳。尽管有邻居打电话到HOA表达对Reck家使用晾衣绳的不满，Reck一家对此致之不理仍就在院子里用晾衣绳晾衣。并且说：“许多人称他们是爱护环境的但却从不亲自采取行动。”综合以上信息可见Reck是一个实实在在的环保主义者，是一个把环保付诸行动的有社会责任心的人。
例（3）：2008年浙江高考英语第54题。What was the writer’s attitude towards jogging in the beginning?
A. He felt it was worth a try. B. He was very fond of it.
C. He was strongly against it. D. He thought it must be painful.
答案是A。 我们先来读读文章的开头两个段落：For a while, my neighborhood was taken over by an army of joggers(慢跑者). They were there all the time: early morning, noon, and evenings. There were little old ladies in gray sweaters, young couples in Adidas shoes, middle-aged men with red faces. ‘Come on!” My friend Alex encouraged me to join him as he jogged by my house every evening. “You’ll feel great.”
Well, I had nothing against feeling great and if Alex could jog every day, anyone could. So I took up jogging seriously and gave it a good two months of my life, and not a day more.
文章的第一段作者对邻近街道上慢跑者的描述：有一段时间，我的邻近街道被一大群慢跑者占据，他们早晨，中午和晚上都在那里。有穿灰色运动衫的小老太太，穿Adidas运动鞋的年轻人和满面红光的中年人。“来吧！”我的朋友Alex鼓励我加入其中并说，“你会感觉很棒”。以及第二段第一句我没有任何理由反对感觉很棒，如果Alex能够每天坚持跑步，任何人都能做到。由此可知作者开始时想要试一试，想要找到那种“很棒的感觉”。
例（4）：2008年浙江高考英语第55题。From the writer’s experience, we can conclude that_________.
A. not everyone enjoys jogging
B. he is the only person who hates jogging
C. nothing other than jogging can help people keep fit
D. jogging makes people feel greater than any other sport
答案是A。我们先来了解一下作者参加慢跑经历的一些描述文字：Based on my experience, jogging is the most overvalued form of exercise around, and judging from the number of the people who left our neighborhood jogging army, I’m not alone in my opinion.
First of all, jogging is very hard on the body. Your legs and feet take a real pounding (重击) running down a road for two or three miles. I developed foot, leg, and back problems. ……
Secondly, I got no enjoyment out of jogging. ……Well, my thoughts began to bore me, and most of them were on how much my legs hurt.
And how could I enjoy something that brought me pain? And that wasn’t just the first week; it was practically every day for two more months. I never got past the pain level, and pain isn’t fun. ……
从以上材料特别是划线部分可知作者要表达的观点是：慢跑是一种高估了的锻炼方式，并且从离开慢跑的人数来判断，作者不是唯一拥有这种观点的人。然后再从事实的三个方面来说明作者为什么不喜欢慢跑这项运动。由此可知B（作者是唯一憎恨慢跑的人），C（只有慢跑能帮助人们保持健康），D（慢跑使得人们感觉比其他运动更棒）都是错误的。
例（5）：2005年江苏高考第75题： What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write?
A. Further application of science to war.
B. More reading of William Shakespeare.
C Proper use of science in the new century.
D. Effective ways to separate the good from the ill.
答案为C。原文第一段：The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before: changes for the better, changes for the worse; changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.
最后一段：William Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together.” The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities – science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?
从原文第一段可知全篇文章主要讲科学的发展给人类所带来的好与坏。文章的最后一段中提出了3个问题：科学一定是这样吗？好坏总是形影相随吗？我们生理上就编好了战争的程序吗？可见如果作者继续写仍就会写有关科学的内容，并且要能回答以上三个问题。所以C新世纪科学的正确运用是最佳答案。
七、实战演练
1. It was the first snow of winter -- an exciting day for every, child but not for most teachers. Up until now, l had been able to dress myself for recess(课间休息), but today I would need some help. Miss Finlayson, my kindergarten teacher at Princess Elizabeth School near Hamilton, Ontario, had been through first snow days ,tony times in her long career, but I think struggled still remember this one.
I managed to get into my wool snow pants. But I straggled with my jacket because it didn’t fit well. It was a hand-me-down from my brother, and it made me wonder why I had to wear his ugly clothes. At least my hat and matching scarf were mine, and they were quite pretty. Finally it was time to have Miss Finlayson help me with my boots. In her calm, motherly voice she said, "By the end of winter, you will be able to put on own boots. “ I didn’t realize at the time that this was more a statement of hope than of confidence.
I handed her my boots and stuck out my foot. Like most children, I expected the adult to do an the work. After mush wiggling and pushing, she managed to get first one into place and then, with a sigh, worked the second one on too.
I announced，“They’re on the wrong feet．”With the grace that only experience can bring，she struggled to get the boots off and went through the joyless task of putting them on again．Then I said，“These aren’t my boots．you know．”As she pulled the offending boots from my feet，she still managed to look both helpful and interested．Once they were off．I said，“They are my brother’s boots．My mother makes me wear them，and I hate them!” Somehow，from long years of practice，she managed to act as though I wasn’t an annoying little girl．She pushed and shoved．less gently this time，and the boots were returned to their proper place on my feet．With a great sigh of relief，seeing the end of her struggle with me，she asked，“Now，where are your gloves?’’
I looked into her eyes and said．“I didn’t want to lose them．so I put them into the toes of my boots．”(2009 江苏B)
１）．According to the passage，the little girl got from her brother．
A．the wool snow pants and the jacket B．the jacket and the boots
C．the jacket and the hat D．the boots and the gloves
２）．What made it so hard for the teacher to help the little girl put her boots on?
A．The gloves in the toes of the boots． B．The slowness of the teacher．
C．The wrong size of the boots． D．The unwillingness of the girl．
３）．It can be inferred that before the little girl finally went out to enjoy the first snow of winter，the teacher had to help her put on her boots ．
A．once B．twice C．three times D．four times
４）．Which of the following sentences from the text BEST indicates that the teacher is very considerate?
A．In her calm，motherly voice she said，“By the end of winter，…”(Paragraph 2)
B．With the grace that only experience can bring，she struggled to…(Paragraph 4)
C．…．she still managed to look both helpful and interested．(Paragraph 4)
D．…，she managed to act as though I wasn’t an annoying little girl.(Paragraph 4)
2. Human remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading archeologists (考古学家) says. In a letter addressed to the justice secretary, Ken Clarke, 40 archaeologists write of their “deep and widespread concern” about the issue. It centers on the law introduced by the Ministry of Justice in 2008 which requires all human remains unearthed in England and Wales to be reburied within two years, regardless of their age. The decision means scientists have too little time to study bones and other human remains of national and cultural significance.
“Your current requirement that all archaeologically unearthed human remains should be reburied, whether after a standard period of two years or a further special extension, is contrary to basic principles of archaeological and scientific research and of museum practice,” they write.
The law applies to any pieces of bone uncovered at around 400 dig sites, including the remains of 60 or so bodies found at Stonehenge in 2008 that date back to 3,000 BC. Archaeologists have been granted a temporary extension to give them more time, but eventuallly the bones will have to be returned to the ground.
The arrangements may result in the waste of future discoveries at sites such as Happisburgh in Norfolk, where digging is continuing after the discovery of stone tools made by early humans 950,000 years ago. If human remains were found at Happisburgh, they would be the oldest in northern Europe and the first indication of what this species was. Under the current practice of the law those remains would have to be reburied and effectively destroyed.
Before 2008, guidelines allowed for the proper preservation and study of bones of sufficient age and historical interest, while the Burial Act 1857 applied to more recent remains. The Ministry of Justice assured archaeologists two years ago that the law was temporary, but has so far failed to revise it.
Mike Parker Pearson, an archaeologist at Sheffield University, said: “Archaeologists have been extremely patient because we were led to believe the ministry was sorting out this problem, but we feel that we cannot wait any longer.”
The ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied, or on what records should be kept.（2011上海C）
１）.According to the passage, scientists are unhappy with the law mainly because ______.
A. it is only a temporary measure on the human remains
B. it is unreasonable and thus destructive to scientific research
C. it was introduced by the government without their knowledge
D. it is vague about where and how to rebury human remains
２）.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A. Temporary extension of two years will guarantee scientists enough time.
B. Human remains of the oldest species were dug out at Happisburgh.
C. Human remains will have to be reburied despite the extension of time.
D. Scientists have been warned that the law can hardly be changed.
３）.What can be inferred about the British law governing human remains?
A. The Ministry of Justice did not intend it to protect human remains.
B. The Burial Act 1857 only applied to remains uncovered before 1857.
C. The law on human remains hasn’t changed in recent decades.
D. The Ministry of Justice has not done enough about the law.
４）.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. New discoveries should be reburied, the government demands.
B. Research time should be extended, scientists require.
C. Law on human remains needs thorough discussion, authorities say.
D. Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archeologists warn.
3. For those who are tired doing the laundry, Samsung has found an answer: a washing machine that can tell you when your laundry is done via a smartphone app(application).
Strange though it may seem — “my wife already does that” was a common response among attendees viewing the device when it was introduced at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) this week — Samsung is just one of many appliance makers racing to install (安装) a large number of internet-connected features in machines in an effort to make them “smart”.
Last year, it was a refrigerator that tweeted. This year, it’s Wi-Fi-enabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad.
The washers and dryers, available starting in the spring, connect to any smartphone through a downloadable application. The phone can then be used as a remote control, so the machines can be turned on and off while their owners is at work or on the bus.
Samsung says it’s not just something new — the app connection actually has some practical uses.
“If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go,” said spokesperson Amy