中考英语缺词填空解题技巧与训练策略.doc

中考英语缺词填空解题技巧与训练策略1. 通览全文，了解大意 答题时，应先越过空档，通读全文，了解文章的大意。每篇短文段落之间必然承上启下、前呼后应。因此通读全文时要一气呵成，只要能了解短文的大意即可，细节不理解可以跳过。要理顺题意，找出信息词。这是做好缺词填空题的关键,因为缺词填空的特点是着眼于整体理解,有些同学习惯于提笔就填或边读边填，急于求成，然而，欲速则不达，结果往往由于只见树木不见森林而事倍功半,因此我们应该依据首句给的启示，通过逻辑思维，借助短文中关键词所提供的信息，越过空档，尽快把全文读完，建立语言的整体感，帮助我们了解短文大意。2. 复读短文抓信息，前后照应巧猜词 在了解文章大意的前提之下再次通读短文，目的是对短文有更进一步的了解。在阅读时要特别注意一篇文章的开头（一般不设空）和结尾，它们能提供主要的信息，帮助了解全文所描述的事件或文章的中心思想。在阅读过程中，要注意上、下文的关系，这对于把握文章的整体意义大有用处。另外，要学会跳读，即对不理解的地方采用暂时回避的方式，待真正理解全文之后再找解决的方法。有些短文填空题，有时出现约 3%5% 的生词是很正常的，这就要求学生根据构词知识或上、下文的意思加以猜测，来确定它的词义。3. 综合考虑，先易后难 经过复读全文，对短文有了更深的印象。在此基础上，可以根据全文大意，展开逻辑思维，分析这一空格处在句中的地位，前后的关系和它所起的作用，确定最佳答案。遇到困难，暂放一边，先易后难，这是解题之道。当遇到难以判断的空档时，不妨先放一边，继续往下做。因为有些答案是必须通过下文的理解后才能作出断定的。有时，前后信息之间还有相互提示作用。因此，当我们遇到难题时，不能久久停留于此，这样会浪费不必要的时间。4. 复读检验，消除疏漏 完成所有空档后，还要再次通读全文，看看这时的短文行文是否流畅，意义是否连贯，逻辑关系是否合理。复查时，可从语法入手，检查一下句子的时态、主谓一致、代词的性、数、格以及词语的搭配等是否正确。从实际中看，很多学生能够充分利用词首字母和短文内容填写单词，但是，问题往往出现在单词的形式变化上。比首字母为 q ，要求填写 quickly ，而有些学生只知道填写 quick ，忽略了词性问题。因此，深思熟虑很重要。凡遇疑点，必须根据文章的中心思想，从意义、语法的角度来仔细权衡，加以改正，弥补疏漏。“台阶式”训练法阅读教学是英语教学中的一个难点，给首字母完形填空又是阅读教学中最令人头痛的一环。它不但考查学生对语篇的理解能力，而且考查学生理解语篇过程中的分析判断、句子成分与词性的对应关系、语法结构、词义辨析等全方位的综合能力。只有具备了相当词汇量、扎实的语法知识、充分的扩散性思维和严密的逻辑推理能力的学生，才能很好地完成语篇，使文章通顺畅达，恢复原样。不少同学经过长期艰苦的努力，可能仍达不到理想的训练效果，下面的“台阶式”教学法也许是在较短时间里提高缺词填空能力的途径之一。台阶一：掌握七种句子成分与十种词性之间的对应关系。通过对单一成分的分类练习，掌握该句子成分与何种词性相对应。词性正确是答案正确的前提。(1) 对主语的判断1. _ are helpful to students. ( teach ) 2. _ is more important to me than money. ( healthy ) 3. Some famous _ are going to give lectures in our university in August. ( science) 4. _ is my favourite sport. ( fish ) 5. _ stamps is my hobby. ( collect ) Key: 1. Teachers 2. Health 3. scientists 4. Fishing 5. Collecting 分析：以上练习中，填入词均为句子的主语。主语是动作的发出者，词性主要为名词与代词（1-题）；动词不能直接用作主语，必须转化成其对应的名词或doing（、）。此外，形容词前加the，带连词的句子也可作主语。(2) 对谓语的判断John was standing on the step of a house. An old woman c_ over to him. “My boy,” she a_, “Is your father at home?” “Yes,” a_ John. The woman began r_ the bell. She rang and rang, but there was no answer. At last she t_ back to John and s_ angrily, “Didnt you s_ that your father was at home?” “I did”, answered John, “but this i_ my house.” Key: came ，asked， answered， ringing， turned ，said ，say， isnt 分析：语篇中的所缺字除ringing以外均为谓语动词。谓语是句子所表示的动作，词性只能是动词，在句子中不能缺。当一个主谓结构中同时出现两个或以上动词时，还要判断他们之间的相互关系，对谓语动词或非谓语动词的判断只有在熟练掌握相关知识的基础上，才能作出正确的判断。多做用动词的适当形式填空有助于对动词形式的判断。(3) 对宾语的判断1. Mr. Chen was surprised to see the fast _in Shanghai after his long absence from the city. ( develop ) 2. The front is in great need of medical _ .( work ) 3. Thank you for your _. ( kind ) 4. At last he sold his _. ( invent ) Key: 1. development 2. workers 3. kindness 4. invention 分析：宾语是动作的承受者，分动词宾语与介词宾语两种。宾语的词性同主语的词性一样，代词作宾语时必须用其宾格。(4) 对表语的判断1. It is _ for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon. ( possible) 2. The sick man is getting _. ( ill ) 3. Patrick is going to be a(n) _ when he grows up.(engine) 4. Such cold weather is quite _ in June and people have to wear warm clothes again. （ usually ）5. Its a _ to have a picnic with all the members. （please ）Key: 1. impossible 2. worse 3. engineer 4. unusual 5. pleasure 分析：表语是连系动词后接的成分。词性主要为形容词，名词, 介词短语。动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。(5) 对定语的判断1. The _ exams usually take place at the end of June. ( finally) 2. On a _ night, you can see thousands of stars in the sky. ( clearly) 3. This is an _book. (interest) 4. The French artist said, “ it is my _ time to visit Shanghai. I love this city so much. ( one ) 5. The book _ by Luxun is very famous. ( write ) 6. Its a _ day ,ist it ? ( sun) Key: (1) final (2) clear (3) interesting (4) first (5) written (6) sunny 分析:：定语是修饰名词与代词的成分。词性以形容词，序数词，介词短语为主。名词修饰名词说明后面名词的性能或用途。如：stamp show / physics teacher。动词必须变形为：to do, doing 或done 的形式作后置定语。(6) 对状语的判断1. The old lady could hardly believe that she had got the travel pass to Hong Kong so _ (easy) 2. Watch _ , and you will find the difference between the two pictures. ( care ) 3. After flying in the storm for nearly one hour, the helicopter landed _ at last. ( safe ) Key : (1) easily (2) carefully (3) safely 状语：说明动作发生的时间，地点，原因，方式，目的，结果，条件，伴随情况的成分。词性以副词为主，也可以是介词短语，动词必须变形为to do, doing 或done 。(7) 对连词的判断在英语中, 并列连词and, but, or, so , not onlybut also, either or, neithernor, as well as, both and 连接并列的词, 词组和句子; 从属连词连接主句与从句。台阶二：在牢记了七种句子成分与十种词性的对应关系之后，多做做综合的“用所给单词的正确形式填空”，提高对句子成分的判断能力。熟练掌握词性转化的技巧是通向首字母完形的第二步。台阶三：锻炼自己的发散和归纳思维的能力，或称为“猜谜”的能力Exercise : Guess the missing word. 1. _ are helpful to students. 2. _ are helpful to students. They give them knowledge. 3. _ are helpful to students. In class they teach them knowledge and after class they care for them like parents. 4. _ are helpful to students. They keep them healthy. 分析：按顺序做你会不假思索地得出答案，1-4均为Teachers，全部解完后再思考，似乎第一题答案不仅仅只有Teachers。按判断主语的结论，凡名词，只要合乎逻辑，都可作为第一题的答案，你会发现Books也可，继而得出结论：“一切有益于学生的复数名词均为正确答案，Exercises、Doctors、Police、Parents”。第二题受后一句knowledge的限制，答案要少一些：Teachers、Books，第三题限制更多，从“care for”判断主语只能是人，Teachers。第四题受healthy的限制，最好填Doctors / Nurses。以上练习说明解完形填空需要如下技能：1，对所缺词的句子成分必须作出精确判断，然后填入正确的词性，即必须熟练掌握句子成分与词性的对应关系。2，必须训练自己扩散性思维能力，如同猜谜，因为词义的确定依靠着对句中限制性信息的判断得出。3，良好的语法基本功。在确定完词性与词义后，单复数、时态的确定建立在良好的语法基本功之上。台阶四：对词性、词义、词形的精确判断阶段，即综合运用阶段 Mr. Wu is getting old. He is l_ the school soon. The s_ in his class have given h_ a lot of p_. Among t_ are cards, note-books, photos and books. Most of the cards are m_ by the students themselves. Photos will h_ Mr. Wu remember the happy t_ when he was with his students. Next week, t_ will have a p_ to s _ goodbye to him. 分析：通读短文以后发现Mr. Wu 是一位老师.。从old 可推断他不久要退休了,所以“ l_”应为谓语动词 leaving ; “s_”是第三句的主语, 结合 have 判断为 students; “ h_ 是give 的宾语, 判断为him ; “ p_”的内容是 cards, note-books , 所以判断为名词presents; “ t_”是介词among 的宾语, 应为them ; “ m_”处于be done by 的结构中, 应为过去分词made; “h_”位于情态动词will 之后, 应为动词原形help; “t_”是remember 的宾语, 并且受到happy 的修饰应为 time “t_”是主语, 名词或代词 teachers / they; “p_”是have的宾语, 前面有冠词, 所以是名词party “s_”前有 to, 分析成分为目的状语 to do 即 to say 台阶五：熟能生巧阶段。要做到举重若轻，必须在前四步的基础上作长期系统的训练，把上述知识演化为解题技能。重庆市中考英语专题练习-短文填空【题型要求】：根据短文的内容及上下文意思，在空格中填入一个意思，语法正确的单词形式。这实际上是完形填空的变体，但比完形填空更难。它没有选项的提示，只是文章内容的暗示，如果没有读懂短文的意思，就无法做这种题。短文的题材很多，有故事，科普小品，风土人情，人物，文化，体育等，一般以故事性题材为主，少科普性，否则会更难。考查的内容也相当广泛，但常以动词（同义词区别及形式），介词，形容词（副词）的级，名词的数，习惯用语的搭配，连词（含引导词）等为主。【解题技巧】：1. 第一遍通读全文，对文章有一个整体认识，了解故事的时间，地点，人物等之间的关系， 为下一步填空打下坚实的基础，切忌看一空填一空。2.第二遍逐句阅读并填空，根据句子的语法以及上下文的整体逻辑关系用恰当的词填入空白，特别是有时根据意思可能有多种用法时，应填入恰当的单词并符合英美人的习惯表达，不要受汉语的影响。例如：“我看一看你的信”，关于“看”的就有六个，这就需要进行筛选，只能用read，不能用watch，see，look，have a look at, look at等。3. 第三遍复查答案。将填完的短文再完整地阅读一次，以检查全文是否通顺，所填答案是否最为合理，形式是否正确等等。 A（重庆2005年）Many people in Beijing have returned to school only because they have become parents Parents are searching for help to solve a problem：the education of their “only 1 ”. “One student complained his father，who liked smoking，always left the _2_ of smoke in the room and he could not do his homework thereAnother wrote that his father often played majiang and the 3 kept him awake most of the nightMany parents know_4_about home education and keep making mistakesParents schools are badly 5 ，” an official(官员)said. The parents schools provide many talks on 6 to be good parents Xu Lins son was a middle school studentHe 7 all of his first term examsXu Lin got 8 and beat himbut his study didnt improveXu Lin then went to a parents school and learned a lotThe boy did well in all his lessons in the next term and helped teach his mother English Parents need not only to give instructions, but to be 9 , even by their childrenA parent said“ 10 the class, I know more about my child and she also understands me more”1. _ 2. _ 3. _ 4. _ 5. _6. _ 7. _ 8. _ 9. _ 10. _ B（重庆2006年）Maybe you are more interested in sports than in history. You probably think you will never be a top student. In 1 , anyone can become a better student if he or she wants to. If you can use your time well, you may improve your study 2 much work. Heres how: Plan your time carefully. When you plan your week time, you should make a 3 of things that you have to do. First write down the time for eating, sleeping, dressing, etc. Then decide on a good time for studying. Of course, studying should nt take all of your time. Dont forget to leave yourself enough 4 for hobbies. Find a good place to study. Look around the house 5 a good study place. Keep this space, which may be a desk 6 just a corner of your room. No games, radio, or television! When you sit down to work, think only about the subject! Make good use of your time in class. Listen 7 to what the teacher says. Careful listening in class means less work later. You also need to take notes in class, because it can 8 it easier for you to learn well. There are only a few ways mentioned here to 9 you with your studying. I believe you find 10 other ways besides these.1. _ 2. _ 3. _ 4. _ 5. _6. _ 7. _ 8. _ 9. _ 10. _ C（重庆2007年）Andy was born in China 15 years agoIn 2005, she 1 to the USA with her familyAs a high school student，she has found many differences 2 Chinese and Americans：About money1) Americans like to spend 3 than they have，so many of them are always in debt(欠债)But Chinese usually spend less than they have, so many 0f them always have 4 left in the bank2) The American kids themselves make their own moneyMost Chinese kids always 5 their parents for money3) Many American parents think there is 6 need to send their children t0 an expensive universityIts different in ChinaMany Chinese parents would do anything to send their children to expensive universities 7 their family isnt rich enoughAbout school1) Many American girls take part in sports，dancing and singing groups while many Chinese girls take part in study groups2) Many American students think that B is a girl while many Chinese students think that B is too 8 About friendsMost American parents let their sons or daughters make friends by 9 . They never ask them about their friends while Chinese parents usually enjoy knowing more about their childrens friends 10 many different ways，and usually stop them from staying out too late with friends1. _ 2. _ 3. _ 4. _ 5. _6. _ 7. _ 8. _ 9. _ 10. _ D（重庆2008年）What can you do to keep healthy? Perhaps for children, healthy eating is one of the most important things. Here are some ideas about 1 to eat healthily.Having breakfast A good breakfast is very important to children. Its necessary to have it in the 2 . But some children often go to school 3 breakfast， just because they want to sleep a little longer. Remember that a good breakfast will help you study better.Having milk “My dream is that all the Chinese children can get half a kilogram(公斤 )of milk a day.” The Chinese Premier (总理 ) Wen Jiabao said this during his 4 to a milk farm. Milk is also very important to childrens health. It makes children grow stronger. Its better for you to 5 a glass of warm milk 6 going to bed. That will help you have a good sleep.Having healthy food Having healthy food is the most important. That means eating lots of different 7 of food, especially fruits and vegetables. Dont eat too much chocolate 8 ice-cream. Some of you 9 eating fast food, but in fact it is not good for your health. Try to eat healthy food as much as 10 . Have healthy eating habits, and you will have a strong body.1. _ 2. _ 3. _ 4. _ 5. _6. _ 7. _ 8. _ 9. _ 10. _ E（重庆2001年）“I dont want to move!” Fred said to his father, “I like living here in New York City. And I like to play in the streets. My friends are _1_. I want to stay!” “ We have to _2_, Fred,” Mr Sparks said. “I have a _3_ job in the Islands. Why _4_ you wait until you see them? Maybe you will like living _5_. “Never!” was Freds answer. A few weeks _6_, the Sparks family left the city by plane. They _7_ over land for hours. In San Francisco they took _8_ big plane. This time they flew over water. At last they saw land. “There is Hawaii,” Mr Sparks said. “ And there is the island we are to live on. But we will visit the other island, too. “I dont care _9_ they are like,” said Fred. “I wish I could go _10_ to New York City right now!”1. _ 2. _ 3. _ 4. _ 5. _6. _ 7. _ 8. _ 9. _ 10. _ F A good breakfast is _1_. By breakfast time you have not eaten _2_ for about 12 hours. Your body _3_ food for morning activities. One good _4_ should be rice or bread, an egg, milk and fruit. On a cold morning a cup of hot drink is good _5_ your health. You must get _6_ early to have _7_ time to eat breakfast. A good breakfast helps you smile more easily. It helps you to be more friendly and also work _8_ and play more happily. Your whole day will _9_ interesting if you _10_a good breakfast.1. _ 2. _ 3. _ 4. _ 5. _6. _ 7. _ 8. _ 9. _ 10. _ G Most children like to watch TV. Its very interesting. By _1_ TV they can see a lot, learn a lot and know many things about their country and about the world. Of course they can _2_ learn over the radio. But they learn better and _3_ easily on TV. Why? Because they can hear and watch at the _4_ time. But they cant see _5_over the radio. TV helps to open childrens eyes. It can help to open their minds, _6_. They learn newer and better _7_ of doing things. They may find the world is now smaller _8_ before. Many children watch TV on Saturday or Sunday evening. They are always busy _9_ their lessons. But a few children watch TV every ni