煤矿水害源的探测与防治.doc

煤矿水害源的探测与防治
摘　要：本文通过近6年来煤矿水害事故的分析总结了煤矿水害源的类型和原因。对煤矿水害事故的特点和发生原因的分析，得到减少煤矿水害的主要途径是加强煤矿水害的科学探测及采矿时的综合防治，探测是基础，综合防治是避免煤矿发生水害的主要节点。

关键词：煤矿；水害源；探测；防治
前言
　　水是人类和各种动植物赖以生存的基础，是宝贵的资源和财富。但当水危害到人类的生存和活动时，它就变成了有害因素。煤矿生产均在地下进行，人只要深入地下，便受到来自地表水和地下水的双重威胁。水害是可怕的，但是，通过运用科学的手段和方法，认真工作，水害又是可以防治的。
1 煤矿水害源和类型
1.1 煤矿的水害
　　煤矿水害是随着煤炭生产而发生的灾害事故，其特点就是具有突发性和地点的不确定性。煤矿生产一旦发生水害，通常的后果是煤矿生产中断、财产损失，水害严重时会造成人员的重大伤亡。河北东庞煤矿2003年发生的突水事故造成全井淹没，6个多月才恢复生产，产生5亿多元的损失。由于充水因素不明确，查明突水通道困难，抢险物资、设备、人员不能及时到位，致使抢险方案短时间内难以确定，险情一时无法排除。待相关问题解决后，财产损失和人员伤亡已成事实。
　　2005年-2010年嘚年中全国发生各类透水事故309起，死亡1656人，其中2006年山西左云新井煤矿特大透水事故，死亡56人，见图1，图中上部曲线为煤矿水害发生事故统计，下部曲线为死亡人员统计。从图1表明，自2007年开始，煤矿事故和死亡人员在一个相对较低的水平，2007年以后煤矿年水害事故发生率为38，年死亡人员数量为150人。

图1 最近6年来煤矿透水事故数量及死亡人数统计图，上部曲线是是水害事故次数统计，下部曲线是死亡人数统计。
1.2 水害源类型
　　煤矿水害源主要有：地表水、第四系水、岩溶水、裂隙水、煤层顶底板砂砾岩水和老空水。
1.3 水害的原因
　　煤矿水害频繁发生的主要原因是： ①对水文地质条件及类型的认识不足； ②对透水机理研究的针对性不足； ③探测不足，尤其在导水构造探查不细； ④监管不力。
2 煤矿水害源的探测技术
产生煤矿水害首先是地质原因，充水水源（岩溶、裂隙水）的突水通道（裂隙和断层）探测不细致造成的，其次是人为因素造成的。充水水源（岩溶、裂隙水）的突水通道（裂隙和断层）和老空积水区是可以采用物探、钻探等方法科学探测的。
2.1 煤矿水害源的构造探测技术
　　充水水源（岩溶、裂隙水）的突水通道（裂隙和断层）是可以通过煤矿采区三维地震勘探技术进行探测的，图2是煤矿地质补充勘探得到的地震时间剖面，该剖面上的煤层形态及断层清晰，该剖面上将落差大于2m的断层探测出来了，T5波对应200桩号处的断层落差为4m，T5波对应300桩号处的断层落差为6m。通过三维地震可以将落差大于5m或者落差更小的断层查找出来。
　　　　　　　　 图2 煤矿采区勘探地震时间剖面
2.2 相对富水性探测技术
　　断层、老空区及隐伏陷落柱等水害源是可以通过瞬变电磁方法探测的，图3是利用瞬变电磁法探测的陷落柱实例。只要管理到位，及时探明和控制水源，落实措施，在已明显有透水预兆的情况下利用瞬变电磁、地震波法进行井下超前探测，可以提高地质成果的精度。

图3 煤矿水害探测的瞬变电磁剖面图
3 防治水害源的综合方法
4.1 落实防治水的基础水文地质工作
　　煤矿在编制中长期防治水规划和年度防治水计划的前提下，采用适合煤矿的物探、钻探、化探等先进地质、物探技术，查明煤矿采区水文地质情况；定期收集、调查核对本矿及相邻煤矿的煤炭开采情况，编制《矿井综合水文地质图》，实时掌握矿井水害源的情况，对煤矿生产采区的水害源、水害类型等进行研究预报，提出预防和处理水害源的具体措施。重视地球物理技术在煤矿水害防治中的地位，在采区设计阶段坚持利用三维地震勘探技术和瞬变电磁技术进行补充勘探，查明落差大于5m的断层及富水性。
4.2 严格执行井下探放水工作
　　煤矿采掘工作中要开展充水条件分析与研究，坚持“预测预报、有疑必探、先探后掘、先治后采”的十六字方针，落实“防、堵、疏、排、截”的综合防治措施。采掘工作探放水前，按照规程编制探放水施工设计，落实探水警戒线，同时采取防治煤和瓦斯突出的具体安全措施，严格按施工设计进行探放水。矿井生产中有透水迹象时立即停止生产作业，撤出井下人员到安全地点，全面分析查找原因，采取有效措施进行防治。
4.3 认真执行“雨季”三防工作
　　防范暴雨洪水进行隐患排查和专项整治是煤矿三方的重点，煤矿井口标高低于历史最高洪水水位的矿井要有三防应急措施；对洪水可能淹没的废弃煤矿井口要按规定填实封死。雨季安排专人负责对煤矿及周边废弃煤矿、塌坑、裂缝，以及可能影响矿井安全的水库、河流、湖泊、堤防、涵闸等进行巡查，特别是接到暴雨灾害预警信息和警报后，要实施24小时不间断巡查。建立暴雨洪水可能引发淹井等事故的应急预案。
4.4 落实好防治水监管监察工作
　　各级煤矿安全监管部门依据现行规范加大煤矿企业的监管监察力度，督促煤矿企业严格落实“先探后掘”的探放水措施，重视周边小煤矿分布情况的调查，认真排查水害源隐患，及时采取措施，防止水害的发生。对于防治水措施落实不到位、没有开展水害源排查治理、超层越界开采的煤矿，必须责令其立即停产整改；经整改仍不合格的，要向当地政府报告并依法予以关闭。对发生水害事故的矿井，要按照“四不放过”的原则和“依法依规、实事求是、注重实效”的基本要求，认真调查事故原因，依法追究事故责任，适时公布处理结果，接受全社会的监督。
4 结论
　　煤矿水害防治的重点是坚持“预测预报、有疑必探、先探后掘、先治后采”的十六字原则和“防、堵、疏、排、截”五项综合治理措施，煤矿水害事故是能够避免的。事实证明，以煤炭三维地震勘探和瞬变电磁勘探为手段的地面物探补充勘探是煤矿水害源调查的有效方法，在煤矿生产过程中辅助物探、钻探相结合的手段是保障探测煤矿水害源的主要手段。对老窑、断层、陷落柱、矿井边界、水体（含可疑水体）的收集整理和上图以及防水煤（岩）柱留设等情况进行科学管理是保障煤矿安全的有效途径。
Coal source detection and prevention and control of water disasters
Pick to: this article through the analysis of accident of coal mine water hazards in recent 6 years summarizes the types and reasons of the source of coal mine water disasters. Water disasters in coal mine accident analysis of the characteristics and causes of coal mine water hazards in reduced the main way is to strengthen the scientific exploration and

mining of coal mine water hazards were also the comprehensive prevention and control, detection is a foundation, comprehensive prevention and control is to avoid occurrence of water disasters in coal mine main node.

Key words: coal mine; Source water disasters; Detection; The prevention and control
preface
Water is the basis of the human and all kinds of plants and animals live, is a valuable resource and wealth. But when the water harmful to human's survival and activity, it becomes harmful factors. Coal production in underground, as long as the deep underground, then by the dual threats of surface water and groundwater. Water disasters are terrible, but, by using scientific means and methods, work in earnest, is can of the prevention and control of water disasters.
1 source and the type of coal mine water hazards were also
1.1 coal mine water disasters
Is along with the coal production and coal mine water hazards were also the disaster accident, its characteristic is the uncertainty of sudden and location. Coal mine production in the event of the damage, generally the consequences of coal mine production disruptions, property damage, serious water disasters caused heavy casualties. Hebei dong pang coal mine water inrush accident in 2003 fully covered well, more than six months to resume production, produce the loss of more than 500 million yuan. Because not clear water filling factors, find out water inrush channel is difficult, emergency supplies, equipment, personnel is not in place in time, the emergency rescue plan in a short period of time is difficult to determine, the risk cannot be ruled out at the moment. After waiting for related problem solving, property damage and loss of life has become a fact.
Best wishes in 2005-2010 year national all kinds of flood 309, killed 1656 people, including 2006 shanxi ZuoYunXin heavy coal mine flooding accident, killed 56 people, as shown in figure 1, figure in the accidents of coal mine water hazards in the upper curve of the statistics, the lower curve of death statistics. From figure 1 show that since 2007, mining accidents and deaths in a relatively low level, after 2007 years coal mine water disasters accidents is 38, the annual number of deaths of 150 people.

Figure 1 in the last six years coal mine flooding accident death toll figure and quantity, is the upper curve is the damage accident frequency, the lower curve is the death toll.
1.2 source type water disasters
Source of coal mine water hazards were also mainly include: surface

water, quaternary water, karst fissure water, water, coal seam roof and floor glutenite and old empty water.
1.3 the cause of the damage
Occurrence of coal mine water hazards were also the main reason is that: (1) insufficient understanding of hydrological geological conditions and types; (2) lack of pertinence of permeable mechanism research; (3) lack of detection, especially in the conductivity structural probe is not fine; (4) poor regulation.
2 source of coal mine water hazards were also detection technology
First is geological coal mine water hazards were also causes, water filling water, karst and fissure water of water inrush channel (fissure and fault detection is not careful, the second is caused by human factors. Water filling water, karst and fissure water of water inrush channel (fissure and fault) and old empty water area can be science by adopting the method of geophysical prospecting, drilling exploration.
The structure of the coal mine water hazards in 2.1 source detection technology
Water filling water, karst and fissure water of water inrush channel (fissure and fault) can be detected by 3 d seismic exploration technology to coal mine mining area, figure 2 is added coal geological exploration seismic time section, the seam on the profile form and clear fault, fault detection of the gap will be greater than 2 m in this section, T5 wave corresponding to the fault throw pile no. 200 is 4 m, T5 wave corresponding to the fault throw pile no. 300 is 6 m. Through 3 d seismic can be greater than 5 m or divide, smaller fault to find out.
Figure 2 mining area of coal mine exploration seismic time section
2.2 relative water content detection technology
Fault and concealed collapse column water disasters, old mined-out area source can be detected by transient electromagnetic method, figure 3 is the use of transient electromagnetic method to detect instances of collapse column. As long as the management in place, proven and control of water in time, to carry out the measures, there was an obvious permeable warning in the use of transient electromagnetic underground advanced detection, seismic wave method, can improve the accuracy of geological results.

Coal mine water hazards in figure 3, the detection of transient electromagnetic section
3 prevention and control of water disasters source synthesis method
4.1 to carry out the prevention and control of water based hydrological geological work
Coal mine in the preparation of medium - and long-term prevention and control of water prevention and control of plans and annual plans under the premise of geophysical prospecting, drilling and geochemical exploration that adapted to the coal mine geology, geophysical prospecting technology, find out the coal mining hydrological geology; Regular collection, investigation, check the and adjacent coal mine coal mining, preparation of the mine integrated hydrological geological map, real-time track of the source of mine water disasters, disasters production in coal mine mining area in the source type water disasters research and forecast, source of water disasters prevention and treatment are put forward specific measures. Pay more attention to the status of geophysical technology in the prevention and control of water disasters in coal mine, adhere to the use of 3 d seismic exploration in mining area design phase and transient electromagnetic technology to supplement exploration, find out the gap is greater than 5 m fault and hydrogeology.
4.2 strictly implement the underground drain
In coal mining work to develop water filling condition analysis and research, adhere to the "prediction, doubt will agent, agent before digging, mining after cure" 16-character principle, implement "prevention, plugging, hydrophobic, row, cut" comprehensive prevention and control measures. Mining work drain before, according to the rules formulation drain construction design, ground water line, at the same time adopt security measures for the prevention and control of coal and gas outburst, in strict accordance with construction design for ground water. There were signs of water in coal mine production immediately stop production, out of mine personnel to a safe location, overall analysis to find reasons, to take effective measures to control it.
4.3 work conscientiously implement "rainy season" is three
Prevent rainstorm flood hidden perils and special renovation is the key of the three coal mine, coal mine wellhead elevation below the all-time high flood water level of mine to have three emergency measures; For the flooding may be abandoned coal mine well should be filled according to the regulations of the flood. Arrange the specialist is responsible for the rainy season and the surrounding abandoned coal mine in coal mines, collapse pits, cracks, and may affect the safety of reservoirs, rivers, lakes and embankments, HanZha inspection, especially after receiving storm disaster warning information and alarm, to implement 24-hour inspections. Establish storm floods could cause flooding Wells and accident emergency plan.
4.4 implement the prevention and control of water regulation and supervision work
Coal mine safety supervision departments at all levels according to the current specification strengthen oversight and supervision of coal enterprise, and supervise the coal mine enterprise strictly implement the "agent before digging" drain measures, attaches great importance to the surrounding small coal mine distribution, screening source water disasters seriously, take timely measures to prevent the occurrence of water disasters. For prevention and cure water measures implementation does not reach the designated position, no water damage source screen governance layer, super mining of coal seams, must immediately order the production improvement; After the rectification is not qualified, to report to the local government and in accordance with the law shall be closed. To mine water disasters accident, according to the principle of "four pass" and "in accordance with the law in accordance with the rules, seek truth from facts, pragmatic" the basic requirements of seriously investigating the cause of the accident, accident liability shall be pursued in accordance with the law, timely processing results, accept the supervision of the whole society.
4 conclusion
Is the focus of the prevention and control of coal mine water hazards were also adhere to the "prediction, doubt will agent, agent before digging, mining after cure" 16-character principle and ", plugging, hydrophobic, row, cut "five comprehensive control measures, is to avoid the accident of coal mine water hazards were also. Facts have proven that with 3 d seismic exploration of coal and transient electromagnetic prospecting as the means of added ground geophysical exploration is an effective method of investigations into the source of coal mine water hazards were also, in the process of coal mine production auxiliary means of combination of geophysical prospecting, drilling is a major means of security of coal mine water hazards in detecting the source. The old kiln, fault and collapse column, mine boundary, the collection of water (including water) suspicious and above as well as this column (rock), and so on and so forth for scientific management is an effective way to guarantee coal mine safety.