初二下英语.docx

初二下英语（广州最新教材）

Unit 7 The unknown world
 一、课文再现
二、重点知识
三、知识详解
四、语法讲解

1. because引导的原因状语从句
2. because与because of的用法比较
3. 由because, for, as, since引导的原因状语从句
4.  Have a test about this unit.
链接：In that,now that, since, for, be… 
Unit 7 The unknown world
一、课文再现

                                Aliens arrive
Tina woke up at midnight. She looked out of her window and saw a yellow light in the sky. It suddenly dived towards the ground. She heard a noise and saw a red light.

The next morning, Tina mentioned it to her brother Tom. “I’m sure something landed in the forest near the hills as I heard a loud noise last night,” she said.

“Let’s explore after school.”

At 6 p.m., Tina and Tom reached the forest. They heard some voices speaking a strange language, so they hid behind some bushes and kept quiet. Then they saw an alien! It was tall, with a round head and a silver body. It was standing next to a long spaceship. The spaceship was damaged because of a crash.

The children were frightened. Suddenly, another alien appeared from the bushes in front of them. It discovered them and made a terrible noise! The children ran away in fear.

 The next morning, Tina and Tom told their parents about the strange creatures. “They were very ugly. They had some hair, but they didn’t have any feathers,” said Tina.

“There was something written on the spaceship,” said Tom, “ It looked like this, I wonder what it means,” He drew some lines on a piece of paper.
But Dad said, “Since no one else saw these aliens, I refuse to believe you. Now go to school!

The children spread their wings and flew to school together.

Dad looked at the piece of paper with the strange marks on it. “It looks strange,” he said, as he looked at the word “EARTH”.

More Practice
                                   UFO
Many people say they have seen UFOs. Here is one famous story. It is called the Roswell Incident and it happened in the US in 1947.
Person A (name not given): My wife and I were sitting outside because it was a warm night. Suddenly we saw something very bright flying through the sky.
Person B (William Brazel, a farmer): I found some pieces of strange metal on my farm. I called the army. Major Marcel came and collected the pieces. He told me not to talk to anyone about this.
Person C (Major Marcel): I went and collected the pieces. I gave them to an army expert. He said the pieces came from a weather balloon. However, since I have not seen this kind fo metal before, I think this was a lie.
Person D (name not giver): My parents and I were in the countryside. Suddenly we saw a silver spaceship on the side of the hill. There were the bodies of three aliens lying on the grass. Then some soldiers came and told us to leave.
So what is the truth?
●Perhaps some or all of the people lied.
●Perhaps a US rocket crashed and people thought it had come from space.
●Perhaps an alien spaceship really crashed in Roswell.

一、教材分析
    本单元围绕着“未知的世界”的话题来展开听、说、读、写的训练。教材一篇有关外星人的故事，鼓励学生对未知的世界和科学要善于探索和学习。作为初二年级的学生，了解未来世界对于提高学生探索新知识有一定的帮助。语法方面介绍由because引导的原因状语从句。并培养学生在完成一篇有关遇见鸟的世界的人们的故事并尝试正确使用这个语态。
二、教学对象分析
1.       学生通过初一的学习，对工具书的使用有一定的了解，通过对百科全书的介绍和用法，提高学习的自学能力，有利于开展本单元的听、说、读、写任务。
2.       学生在平时的学习就已经接触过了由because引导的原因状语从句的用法，本单元再通过系统地复习，在学习方式上引导学生学习归纳总结。
三、单元教学目标
1.认知目标：
学习水平

学习内容
 学习水平的描述

语音
 1．Learn about the loss of plosion.。
2. 能流利地朗读课文及与课文水平相当的短文，语音、语调、句子重音和停顿基本正确。

词汇
 1. 重点词汇
Unknown, alien,astronaut, receive, fall, bush, quiet, danage, frightened, discover, terrible, fear, creature, feather, wonder, line, refuse, spread, mark, knife, explain, pleased
短语：
1. keep quiet,
2. because of,
3. in fear,
4. landing site,
5. as soon as possible,
6. agree with,
7. disagree with

句型
 Useful sentences:
1.What happened to the light?
2.Tina wake up at midnight.
3.I am sure something landed in the forest near the hills as I heard a loud noise last.
4.They heard some voices speaking a strange language.
5.The spaceship was damaged because of a crash.
6.It discovered them and made a terrible noise!
7.The children ran away in fear.
8.They were very ugly.
9.I wonder what it means.
10.Since no one else saw these aliens, I refuse to to believe you.

语法
 1. Learn how to use adverbial clauses of reason correctly.
2. Learn how to use because of correctly.

读（reading）
   1. Read a story about aliens.
2. 熟练朗读及背诵课文。
3. 运用课文中所学，完成一篇有关科幻小说的文章。

听(listening)
 1.Listen for a specific information about captain’s instructions.

说(speaking)
 1. Know how to agree and disagree with others.

写（writing）
   1.Complete an article about science fiction.
2. 能笔头回答课文内容提出的问题。
3. 能用本单元学习的重点词汇、句型进行造句。

2. 思想情感目标：
1）通过谈论“未知世界”的相关话题，提高学生探索新知的意识。
2）结合课文的内容，引导学生对未来世界和科学的设想，鼓励学生拓展自己的视野，探索新知。
3. 能力发展目标：
1）能够在听、说、读、写等语言综合实践活动中运用本单元的重点词汇、句型与语法。
2）在学习中提高交流和传递信息的能力，在写作中正确运用连词使文章更连贯和流畅。
3）通过指导学生在模拟交际中运用所学的知识，培养学生探究学习、合作学习、自主学习的能力。
四、单元教学重点
1. 学生熟练掌握重点词语，词组及句型。
2．指导学生利用所学句型正确表达思想、进行交际活动。
3．指导学生归纳、总结原因状语从句的用法，并在实践运用中熟练运用。

五、单元教学难点
状语从句的归纳整理及运用。

六、教学策略

1. 引导学生积极主动的通过预习完成可以自己学会的部分，课堂学习完成学习的重难点，通过复习及归纳总结完善单元的学习。
2. 在教学中以旧带新，引导学生用正确的句子表达思想。
3. 适当补充与课文话题相关的内容，拓展学生的阅读视野。
七、学习策略
1.初步接触略读（skimming）和找读（scanning）这两种阅读策略。
2.学会在阅读过程中通过上下文来猜测生词含义的方法。
3.关注对话中特殊疑问句的提问和相应的回答，以便准确记录相关信息。

八、媒体的选择与设计
1．充分利用和发挥基本的教学媒体，如录音机，教师的body language、板书的作用。
2．适时、合理地使用多媒体，增大课堂的容量，更好地辅助教学。
九、各课时教学内容安排建议
课时
 教学内容及课型
 教学目标及简单教学环节设计

第1课时
 Reading A
 新授课
 一、定位:
input-based，训练各种听与说的语言微技能,并给予阅读学习策略的指导，读为主。
二、教学目标：
1. 通过多种形式的阅读活动与任务，帮助学生理解课文。
2. 指导学生运用一定的阅读理解学习策略，培养一些阅读微技能，如：寻读，找出关键信息等；扫读，获取文章大意；通过构词法或上下文猜测生词大意；推断等。
三、教学重点：阅读微技能的培养，加强信息寻找能力。重点把握常用到的单词和短语，并把它们运用到实际生活中。
四、教学难点：原因状语从句的用法。常用单词和词组。
二、教学设计:
Step 1  Warming up
1. Ask a few Ss the questions about cartoons and comic strips.
2:Cartoon talk
Let the Ss look at a cartoon picture on page 113 and say something about the pictures.
Step 2  Leading in
1.Get Ss to look at the pictures on page 98, and discuss with their classmates.
2.Ask Ss to finish exercise A on Page 98 . Then chect the answers.
3.ask ss: If you meet an alien, what will you do?
4.Today we are going to read an article about “Aliens arrive”
Step 3:Pre-reading
a)  Ask Ss to look at the pictures ,and the title and the the first paragraph of the story on page 99, Then answer the questions below. You may need to guess some of the answers. Then finish the exercise on page 98.
1).When did Tina wake up?
2).What was the yellow light in the sky?
3)What happened to the light?
4).What did Tina probably do the next day?
b)Vocabulary presentation: Get Ss to learn some new words by showing some pictures.
c)Cocabulary exercise:Get Ss to finish exercise C1and C2 on page 100 to consolidate the new words.
Step3. While- reading
1)First reading: Tell Ss to read the text quickly and finish exercise
2)Second reading: Read the text again and complete exercise D1 and D2 on page 101.
3）Chect the answers.
Step4.Post-reading
a)  Discussion(group work):
Get Ss to Discuss in groups:
Read the article again and make a summary of it. Remember to use your own words. You may begin like this.
There are six stages of making a cartoon. First, .(finish exercise D3 on page101)
Step5.Learning lagnuage points:
a.Deal with some useful phrases and expressions in the passage. Guide the Ss to learn and use them in their own speaking and writing.
1. wake up
2）land in
3）感觉动词：see/watch/hear +sb.+    V-ing(正在进行)/   V原型(全过程)
被动语态： sb. + be +seen/watched/ heard  +   V-ing  / to+V.
  e.g.,  
We can see men wearing skirts in Scotland.
Men can be seen wearing skirts in Scotland.

4) 到达 

 get to+地方
 reach +地方
 arrive at +小地方，
arrive in +大地方 
 get/arrive + here/there/home
 go to
 come to

5）keep+adj(quiet, silent, fit/healthy, clean,warm, strong, still, calm,)

4)because of+n/ving
5）make a noise
6) tell sb about sth
7) in fear
8)refuse to do th
9)look +adj/like

Step6.
Summary.
Get Ss to Summarize what they’ve learned.
Step7.Homework:
(1) Finish the exercises in Students Times.
1) Finish the Reading exercises in Book B.

第2课时
 listening
 一、定位：
1.input-based，训练各种听与说的语言微技能，并给予听的学习策略的指导。
二、教学环节设计:
Step 1  Pre-listening
1. Tell Ss that they are going to do some listening exercises. Ask some of the Ss what they will do before listening.
2.Learn the study tips with Ss by asking Ss to read the tips on their book carefully.(Try to make notes when listening.
3. Ask Ss to read the table on page102 carefully and predict what kind of information they could fill in the blanks. Ss can discuss in groups and write down their answers with pencils.
4. Ask Ss what they must pay attention to when they write. Eg: their spelling, the first letter of the word, how to write a number etc.
Step 2  While-listening
1.Play the recording for Ss to listen and complete the table.
2. Play the recording again for Ss to listen and ask them to check their spelling.
3.Check the answers and see how well they did in the prediction.
Step 3  Post-listening
a) Give Ss some time and get them to summarize the skills of completing a table of information and finish the related listening exercise in Book B.
Step 4: Summary: ask the ss to conclude what we’ve learned today.
Step 5  Homework
Finish Students Times of Unit 7 listening exercise.

第3-4课时
 language
 一、定位：
input-based，训练各种读与说的语言微技在语言知识中的运用
二、教学环节设计:
Step 1:Presentaion:

原因状语从句

原因状语从句学习指导

      原因状语从句就是在复合句中表示主句动作发生原因的状语从句。用于引导原因状语从句最常用的连词是because，另外还有as, since以及now that等。
1. 用because引导：because是引导原因状语从句最常用的连词，其意为“因为”。如：
The little boy was crying because he was lost. 那小孩因迷路而哭。
I bought the house simply because it was large. 就是因为这所房子大我才买的。
2. 用as引导：as也可以用于引导原因状语从句，意思是“由于”。如：
As he is ill, he can’t come to the meeting. 由于生病了，他不能来参加会议。
As you weren’t there, I left a message. 由于你不在那儿，我留了个信儿。
3. 用since引导：since引导原因状语从句时，意思是“既然”。如：
Since you ask, I will tell you. 你既然问，我就告诉你。
Since you are going, I will go. 既然你去，我也去。
4. 用now that引导：now that引导原因状语从句的意思也是“既然”。如：
Now that you have come you may as well stay. 既然你来了，你就留下。
Now that you’re growing up you must learn to stand on your own two feet. 你既然已经长大成人，就得学会独立生活。
5. 习惯用法：不要受汉语意思影响将表示“因为”的连词与表示“所以”的 so 连用。如：
■既然你很忙，那就不必来了。
误：As you are busy, so you needn’t come.
正：As you are busy, you needn’t come.
正：You are busy, so you needn’t come.
as是从属连词，在此引导原因状语从句；so 是并列连词，在此连接一个并列句，所以误句结构混乱，应去掉其中一个。

由because, for, as, since引导的原因状语从句：
（1）because （因为）的用法：
because通常表示直接的原因。because引导的从句表示直接而明确的原因和理由，表示按因果关系的推断，语气很强，用来回答why的问题, 一般位于主句之后。
例：
We couldn't go out because it was too cold. 因为天气太冷，我们不能外出。

for（因为）的用法：
for是并列连词，引出的原因较间接，似乎是事后所想到的补充解释的理由，只陈述一般推断的理由，不一定表示产生结果的必然原因，主要放在两个并列句之间。
例：
It must be morning， for the birds are singing.一定是清晨了，因为鸟儿在叫。

注意：下列情况下只能使用because:
①在回答why的问句时；
②在用于强调句型时；
③被not所否定时。
（2）as和since（因为）的用法:
    表示已经知道的原因时用as或since,即某种原因在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉。since要比as正式一些，它们通常被置于语句之前。
Seeing all of the children already seated, he said,“Since everyone is here, let’s start.”
Step 2: Consolidation:
Get Ss to finish exercise on page 104.
Step 3 Presentation of the different usage of Because of and because

because与because of的用法比较
■从词性上看
because 是连词，其后接句子；because of 是复合介词，其后接名词、代词、动名词、what 从句等。如：
I didn’t buy it because it was too expensive. 我没有买是因为它太贵了。
He is here because of you (that). 他为你(那事)而来这里。
He lost his job because of his age. 由于年龄关系他失去了工作。
We said nothing about it, because of his wife’s being there. 因为他妻子在那儿，我们对此只字未提。
He knew she was crying because of what he had said. 他知道她哭是因为他说的话。
    注意：because of 之后可接 what 从句，但不能接 that 从句或没有引导词的句子。

如：他因病未来。
误：He didn’t come because of he was ill.
误：He didn’t come because of that he was ill.
正：He didn’t come because he was ill.
正：He didn’t come because of his illness.

比较以下同义句：
他离开了这家公司，是因为老板在会上讲的话。
正：He left the company because of what the boss said at the meeting.
正：He left the company because of the thing that the boss said at the meeting.
我不能因为有个家就停止斗争。
正：I can’t stop fighting because I have a family.
正：I can’t stop fighting because of having a family.

■从用法上看
because 所引导的从句除用作原因状语外，还可用作表语。如：
It is because he loves you. 那是因为他爱你。
而复合介词 because of 所引导的介词短语通常用作状语而不用作表语。如：
他因雨缺席。
误：His absence was because of the rain.
正：His absence was due to the rain.
正：He was absent because of the rain.

    但是有时若主语是代词(不是名词)，也可以用 because of 引出的短语作表语。如：
It is just because of money. 那只是因为钱的原因。
That was because of his sickness. 那是因为他生病的原因。

Step 4: Summarize what we have learned today.

Step 5: Test

 Have a test about this unit.

1. If I find his phone number, I ___you.
  A. tell          B. told    C. will tell   D. have told
2. I will call you as soon as I ____ the ticket to the football match.
  A. will get  B. get     C. got            D. am getting
3. Don’t discuss the problems with your partner unless you___ any more.
  A. ask                   B. are asked  
  C. will ask          D. will be asked
4. ____ he was very ill, he still went on working.
A. Because      B. For       C. Though        D. /
5. I'll phone you as soon as I ____.
  A. get to home        B. got to home  
  C. get home             D. got home
6. __ it is getting dark, ___ the farmers are still working in the field.
　A. Though, but       B. But, though  
    C. Though, /            D. But, /
7. ____ of last month we had seen five English films.
   A. By the End        B. At the end of  
   C. In the end         D. To the end
8. Lucy knew nothing about it ___ her sister told her.
A. because    B. until     C. if     D. since
9. 他很累，以至于上课时他在桌子上睡着了。
   He was ______ _______ ______ he fell asleep at the desk in class.
10. 如果明天下雨，我们就去骑车兜风。   We’ll go cycling, ____ ____ ____ _____ tomorrow.
11. 他跑得那么慢，以她赶不上我们
   He ran ____ ____ he ____ _____ up with us.
12. 直到他的班主任打电话告诉他，他才知道他在竞赛中获得第一。
  He ____ know that he had won the first prize ____ his teacher told him on the phone.

第5课时
 Speaking

 一、定位：
practice-based，启发学生, 归纳语言知识，开展各层次、专项、强化性和综合性练习，多样技能结合训练, 说写结合.
二、教学环节设计:
Step 1  Speaking ---Agreeing and disagreeing
1.       Get Ss to make a conversation like the example. Choose one of the following topics.
Aliens are a danger to us      Aliens will become our friends
Aliens are cleverer than  us   We will fight aliens in the future
Step2—Speak up
Get Ss to Look at B on page 102 again, The two astronauts must got to their mother ship as soon as possible. They have the following things.(finish exercise on page 106)
Step 3.Get Ss to finish related listening exercise in Book B.
Step 5: Summary: Get Ss to summarize what they have learned today.
Step 6: Homework : Do some related exercise in Student Times.

第6课时
 writing

 一、定位：
output-based，结合听与读，训练多项说与写的语言微技能，并指导说写学习策略，写为主.
二、教学环节设计:
Step 1  Revision
Ask Ss to read the text in reanding A and then remind them of the format.
Step 2  Writing ---a story about