名词性从句(zhengli).doc

名词性从句
一．要点归纳
（一） 主语从句
1、主语从句：作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。
主语从句通常由下列词引导：
　　1）从属连词that，whether 等；
　　2）连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever，whom 等；
　　3) 连接副词how，when，where，why 等。
2、that在句中无词义，只起连接作用，引导主语从句时不可省略；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：
　　What he wants to tell us is not clear 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
　　Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
注意：有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：
　　　（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句：It is a fact that  事实是
　　　                             It is an honor that 非常荣幸
　　　                             It is common knowledge that  …是常识
　　　                             It is a pity that  遗憾……
　　　（2）It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句:
　　　                            It is said that  据说
　　　                            It is reported that 据报道
　　　                            It has been proved that 已经证明
　　　                            It is believed that …  人们认为
　　　                            It is supposed that…  据猜测
　　　（3）It + 不及物动词（vi） + that 从句：
　　　                            It seems that  似乎
　　　                            It happened that 碰巧
　　　                            It appears that  似乎
　　　（4）It + be + 形容词 + that从句
　　　                            It is natural that…  很自然…
　　　                            It is strange that…  奇怪的是…
注意:在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：
　　It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
　　It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
3、It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
①It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。②it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that引导，被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：
    a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.  你不去看那场电影真可惜。
    b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.　我对你成功与否不感兴趣。
    c) It was in the morning that the murder took place.　谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型）
（ 二）表语从句
表语从句：在复合句中，位于系动词之后作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。
可以接表语从句的系动词有be ,look , remain（保持）, seem等
常用的还有the reason is that …  It is because …  It appears/seems that…
          It happens that…  It turns out that…（结果是...）等结构
由从属连词，连接代词，连接副词引导，其中that常常可以省略
由as if， as though 引导   It looks as if…  It seems as if…
why, because 都可以引导表语从句，但why强调结果，because强调理由
当主语为suggestion, order, requirement, advice, request, demand 等这类名词时，表语从句用虚拟语气（should）do
注意：whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
（三）同位语从句
1、同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，that不可以省略；由whether引导时，不可用if替代。
2、可用于同位语从句的名词有belief、advice、demand、doubt（怀疑）、possibility、thought、proposal、case、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：
　　The news that we won the game is exciting.　我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
　　I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
　　The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
3、 同位语从句与定语从句的区别

(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（定语从句）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is not true.（同位语从句）
（四 ）宾语从句
宾语从句：名词从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。由从属连词、连接代词、连接副词引导。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
　　由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：
　　He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
　　We must never think (that) we are good in everything and that others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。
　　注意：在demand、order（命令）、suggest、decide、insist（坚持）, desire, urge，advice，propose，require，request, command（命令）, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：
　 I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
　　The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：
　　She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：
　　I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。
　　Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？
4. think, believe, imagine, suppose，guess, expect, fancy, consider等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：
　　We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
　　I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
二．专项演练
1. They are discussing in the next room _______ will go to the conference on behalf of the manager.
A. whoever B. who C. what D. whomever
2. My parents don’t care ____ my pocket money goes, but one thing is sure: the money spent must be worthwhile.
A. why B. when C. where D. how
3. —Excuse me, but have you ever seen my book?
—Sorry, I am not sure, a person just took a book away, but I don’t know _______.
A. where B. which C. what D. whose
4. Dad’s coming. What present _______ for your birthday?
A. you expect he has got B. you expect has he got
C. do you expect he has got D. do you expect has he got
5. Talking of the car accident, there is in today’s paper an accurate account of _______ it happened last night.
A. which B. how C. when D. what
6. When you get your paper back, pay special attention to _______ have been marked.
A. where B. which C. what D. that
7. It is _______ you deal with difficult situations that shows _______ you are really like.
A. what what B. how; what C. how; that D. which; how
8. _______ is known to us is that time is limited and precious.
A. What B. That C. It D. As
9. It’s a common scene now in Chile that families cry helplessly over _______ is left of their homes.
A. that B. which C. there D. what
10. _______ surprises us most is that she doesn’t even know _______ the difference between the two lies.
A. What; where B. All; which C. What; that D. That; where
11. I don't say I am against their plan. But the trouble is _______ they do doesn't agree with what they say.
A. what that B. that what C. if what D. what if
12. What the doctors really doubt is _______ the famous actor will recover from the serious disease.
A. which B. whether C. that D. why
13. After ten years’ absence she came back，only to find her old house was not _____ it used to be.
A. which B. what C. when D. that
14. The North Pole isn’t _______ people consider a pleasant place for creatures to live in as the average winter temperature there is -40℃.
A. which B. that C. where D. what
15. It was a matter of _______ would replace Mr.Wang to take the position.
A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever
16. She has been in _______ doctors describe as a vegetative (植物的) state for six years.
A. what B. which C. that D. how
17. Having checked the doors were closed, and _______ all the lights were off, the woman opened the door to her bedroom.
A. why B. that C. when D. where
18. It never occurred to humans until the mid-1990s _______ some animals can be cloned.
A. where B. that C. when D. what
19. As far as I see, _______ is no possibility _______ he will win the tennis match this time.
A. it; that B. there; that C. it; whether D. there; whether
20. Susan’s way of life is different from her brother’s in _______ she has never prepared for
her old age.
A. it that B. that C. which D. what
21. Please put the medicine on the top of the shelf. It’s _______ our children can’t reach it.
A. what B. that C. where D. how
22. Thomas set off, leaving word with his daughter _______ he would come back soon.
A. who B. when C. what D. that
23. I owe ______ to his help ______ my children all enjoyed themselves while on holiday in Beijing.
A. /; that B. it ; that C. much; that D. that; that
24. The question came up at the meeting _____ we had enough money for our research.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
25. Being a good listener is a kind of quality and that’s _______ it takes to keep friendship.
A. how B. what C. which D. where
26. Have we decided to turn to _______ can help us out of trouble?
A. whom B. whomever C. no matter who D. whoever
27. Actually, _______ works hard can be _______ he wants to be, whether it is a pilot, an engineer or a manager.
A. anyone; whoever B. whoever; whatever
C. who; no matter what D. no matter who; whomever
28. — I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.
— That’s _______ I don’t agree. You should have a more active life.
A. where B. how C. when D. what
29. Everyone needs to have a dream, and you can make it a giant one, a tiny one, an old everlasting one, or just _______. Then, Go and Do It!
A. however B. whenever C. whatever D. wherever
30. Please see to ______ when I am away my dogs will be well looked after.
A. it B. that C. it that D. whether
31. I want to be liked and loved for _______ I am inside.
A. who B. where C. what D. how
32. Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was _______ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
A. what B. that C. why D. whether
33. We should respect food and think about the people who don’t have _______ we have here and treat food nicely.
A. that B. which C. what D. whether
34. The world body is committed to do _______ it can to assist the people of Haiti suffering from the big earthquake.
A. however B. no matter what C. whatever D. no matter which
35. As a matter of fact, much of _______ we read on the Internet every day is groundless or nonsense.
A. that B. which C. what D. it
36. Thanks to the application of new farming methods, output is now six times _______ it was before 2000.
A. that B. what C. which D. how
37. “What were you trying to prove to the police?” “______ I was last night.”
A. That B. When C. Where D. What
38. The hospital nearby has just got a, ________you’d call it，er...a scanner.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
39. A growing anxiety is disturbing the public _______ the economy will continuously decline.
A. which B. that C. why D. what
40. —It’s difficult for college graduates to find a good job in China.
—It depends on _______ they are equipped for today’s world.
A. that B. which C. whether D. what
41. The last time we had great fun was ___ we were visiting the Water Park.
A. where B. how C. when D. why
42. What impresses me most is ______ he appears in front of others, he wears a sincere and charming smile.
A. what B. which C. that where D. that whenever
43. After five hours’ drive, they reached ___ they thought was the place they had been dreaming of.
A. where B. what C. which D. that
44. It is pretty well understood _______ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.
A. that B. when C. what D. how
45. _______ she couldn’t understand was ______ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that
46. Eat ______ cake you like and leave the others for ______ comes in late.
A. any, who B. every, whoever C. whichever, whoever D. either, whoever
47. I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. _______ I got wet through.
A. It’s the reason B. That’s why C. It’s how D. That’s because
48. _______ medicine works in a human body is a question ______ not everyone can understand fully.
A. How; that B. That; which C. That; whether D. What; that
49. ________you didn't know the rules won't be an excuse for your failure to report.
　　A. That   B. Where C. What  D. Why
50. Mike didn’t make_______ clear to his friends ____ he would have to take such a hurried trip home.
A. it; why B. that; when C. it; how D. /; that
三．高考连接
51.【2012安徽卷】27.The limits of a person’s intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth,
but _______ he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.
  A. where        B. whether     C.  that     D.   why
52.【2012全国新课程】24. It is by no means clear______  the president can do to end the strike.
A. how                B. which C. that      D. what
53. 2012山东卷】25. It doesn’t matter _____ you pay by cash or credit card in this store.
A. how      B. whether    C. what      D. why
54. 【2012福建卷】35. We promise _______    attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with
the movie star.
A. who  B. whom     C. whoever    D. whomever
55.【2012四川卷】17. Scientists study ____ human brains work to make computers.
  A. when  B. how  C. that  D. whether
56.【2012天津卷】 9. It doesn’t matter _____ you turn right or left at the crossing ---both roads lead to the park. A. whether  B. how  C. if  D. when
57. 【2012辽宁卷】34. The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for ______he
could find about Mark Twain.
 A. wherever    B. however   C. whatever   D. Whichever
58. 【2012陕西卷】20. As many five courses are provided, and you are free to choose ______ suits you best.
A whatever   B. whichever    C. whenever   D. wherever
59.【2012北京卷】24. Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ______ he could have expressed it differently.
A. why           B. how           C. that           D. whether
60.【2012江西卷】25．It suddenly occurred to him ______ he had left his keys in the office.
  A．whether  B．where  C．which  D．that
61. [2012湖南高考]26. Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesn't matter ____ you have lived there for a short or a long time.
A．why  B. how C. whether D. when
62. 【2012重庆卷】34. Evidence has been found through years of study______ children’s early sleeping problem likely to continue when they grow up.
A. why          B. how             C. whether          D. that
63.【2012浙江卷】4. I made a promise to myself______ this year, my first year in high school, would be different.
A. whether   B. what   C. that   D. how
64.【2012江苏卷】27. The notice came around two in the afternoon______ the meeting would be postponed.
A. when B. that C. whe