第一部分专题14.doc

专题14　完形填空
完形填空答题技巧

完形填空主要测验学生的语言综合运用能力，包括基础知识的掌握和运用，对整个文章逻辑联系的理解，在情景中辨析词义的能力以及词组短语搭配的使用能力，这是大部分考生认为难度最大的考查项目。只要我们有信心，有良好的心理素质，再加上一定的技巧，完形填空并不是不可逾越的鸿沟。
首先，从心理上，平心静气，不急不躁。对完形填空心存恐惧，是导致失误的重要原因。集中思想、树立信心、平心静气、去除杂念才是做好完形填空题的保证。其次，从答题策略上，要把握以下几方面：浏览全文，把握大意；运用语法理顺关系；遇到难词反复默念；注意上下连贯，合乎逻辑；细心检查避免疏漏。
第一、浏览全文，把握大意
这是做完形填空的第一步，以快速阅读的方式浏览全文，了解文章大意，抓住主题和关键词，避免断章取义，减少解题时的盲目性，这样可以为解题做好准备。浏览全文能获得更多的上下文提供的信息，并根据文章的内在逻辑意义、贯穿文章始终的主线以及作者行文的走向，把握文脉，调整并定位自己的解题思路，从而做出最终的判断。
第二、运用语法理顺关系
语法知识是指导完形填空的法宝，词汇是根据语法规则确定各自的位置，有了语法规则文章才能有条不紊、顺理成章。完形填空题实际上是“形断意不断，貌离神不离”，语法规则起到“牵动荷花带出藕”的功效。如介词后的代词必然是宾格；物质名词一般不用复数；形容词必须放在不定代词后；行为动词的否定和疑问句应由助动词do构成等。另外，语法还包括时态、语气、非谓语动词、关系代词和关系副词、分句、语态及习惯用法等语法现象。
第三、遇到难词反复默念
有时会遇到这样的情况，大部分词都填出来了，只有一两个难词绞尽脑汁仍不得要领，如果考试时间允许，不要轻易放弃，要穷追不舍，先从语法角度考虑，再从逻辑角度考虑是否有隐含意思、作者的情感以及背景文化和习俗等。有时句子好像什么也不缺，读上去很完整，就必须考虑，很可能缺的就是连词and，副词then，always，sometimes等，如果还未填出，应反复默念几遍，有些词就会悄然而至，在你的记忆中浮现出来。
第四、注意上下连贯，合乎逻辑
这是从句子结构来考虑的。例如：一个空白在两个句子之间，就要根据上下文的语境和上下文的关系，选用并列连词and，but，or，however，therefore，while等连接两个并列句；或用who，which，that，whose，whom，when，where，why等关系代词或关系副词连接定语从句；或用whoever，whatever，what，who，when，where，how，why，if，whether，that等连接词连接名词性从句，或用when，where，because，unless，though，even if，so that等从属连词连接各种状语从句。如果我们知道它们的基本用法和彼此间的区别，填上所选词后句子的意思和结构都完整，上下连贯。把握住语篇的行文逻辑，那么选定最佳答案就不难了。
第五、细心检查，避免疏漏
全部答案选定后，文章完整了，应再从头至尾读一遍。这也是最关键的一点，这就要求细心检查每一个填空处是否有笔误或疏漏的地方来调整答案。细心检查，反复回读，能够减少疏漏，提高完形填空的正确率。凡不通之处，必有待推敲的疑点，应从意义、语法、行文逻辑等方面仔细权衡，加以改正。例如：从语法上，检查所完成的句子是否主谓一致；时态、语态是否正确；名词、代词的性、格是否一致；动词、名词、形容词与介词或副词等的搭配是否准确无误。对于个别难度较大的空白，可以凭着自己的语感，坚持第一感觉选择的答案。

考点1　猜测生词扫清阅读障碍
真题解密
We all know that some things are obviously right.For example，it is right to be __1__ to other people.It is also right to look after the environment.Some things are __2__ wrong，too.For instance，we should not hurt or bully others，nor should we litter.Rules often tell us what is right or wrong. (2012·广东)
1．A.kind B．sensitive
C．fair D．generous
2．A.equally B．slightly
C．clearly D．increasingly
答案　1.A　2.C
解析　第二个空格后的bully，litter可能对很大一部分同学来说较陌生，但它对解题没有影响。第1题考查词汇的反义重现现象。下文中的hurt和空格形成对比，只有kind符合语境。第2题考查语境逻辑，由后面的for instance，we should not...，nor should...等字眼可以确定这些类似的事情都是很明显的错误。故答案为C项。for instance后内容是解释前边一句话的，因此我们只需要知道bully和litter是贬义词即可。
趁热打铁
We have been driving in fog all morning，but the fog is lifting now.The little seaside villages are __36__，one by one.“There is my grandmother’s house，” I say，__37__ across the bay to a shabby old house.
I am in Nova Scotia on a pilgrimage(朝圣) with Lise，my granddaughter，seeking roots for her，retracing(追溯) __38__ memory for me.Lise was one of the mobile children，__39__ from house to house in childhood.She longs for a sense of __40__，and so we have come to Nova Scotia where my husband and I were born and where our ancestors __41__ for 200 years.
We soon __42__ by the house and I tell her what it was like here，the memories __43__ back，swift as the tide(潮水)．
Suddenly，I long to walk again in the __44__ where I was once so gloriously a child.It still __45__ a member of the family，but has not been lived in for a while.We cannot go into the house，but I can still walk __46__ the rooms in memory.Here，my mother __47__ in her bedroom window and wrote in her diary.I can still see the enthusiastic family __48__ into and out of the house.I could never have enough of being __49__ them.However，that was long after those childhood days.Lise __50__ attentively as I talk and then says，“So this is where I __51__；where I belong.”
She has __52__ her roots.To know where I come from is one of the great longings of the human __53__.To be rooted is “to have an origin”．We need __54__ origin.Looking backward，we discover what is unique in us；learn the __55__ of “I”．We must all go home again—in reality or memory. (2013·福建)
36．A.appearing B．moving
C．exposing D．expanding
答案　A
解析　根据上文“the fog is lifting now”可知，大雾散后，村庄出现，因此A项符合语境。
37．A.referring B．travelling
C．pointing D．coming
答案　C
解析　根据上半句“There is my grandmother’s house”及本空后的内容，可知作者是用手指着海湾对面的村庄。refer提到，查阅；travel旅游；come来。
38．A.shared B．short
C．fresh D．treasured
答案　D
解析　根据下文作者对自己童年回忆的描述可知此处应填treasured(宝贵的)。shared分享的；short短的；fresh新鲜的，都不符合句意。
39．A.passed B．raised
C．moved D．sent
答案　C
解析　上文说“Lise曾是流动儿童之一”，因此后面说Lise从一个房子搬到另一个房子，只有move“搬家，移动”符合文意。故选C。
40．A.home B．duty
C．reality D．relief
答案　A
解析　她渴望家的感觉，因此我们来到我和丈夫出生的地方。因此正确答案为A。
41．A.built B．lived
C．remained D．explored
答案　B
解析　在那里我们的祖先生活了大约200年。因此正确答案为B。
42．A.catch up B．pull up
C．step down D．come down
答案　B
解析　我们不久停在了房子旁边。catch up追上；pull up停下；step down退休，辞职；come down下来，败落。因此选项B正确。
43．A.falling B．turning
C．rushing D．bringing
答案　C
解析　句意为：思潮翻滚，如潮水之迅速。fall落下；turn扭转，掉过头来；rush急速流动，奔腾；bring拿来。由句意知，C项符合句意。
44．A.yard B．village
C．room D．house
答案　D
解析　根据上文“We soon ____ by the house”可知，作者渴望到屋子里走一走。
45．A.adapts to B．appeals to
C．belongs to D．occurs to
答案　C
解析　它仍然为我们家庭中的一个成员所拥有。adapt to适应；appeal to呼吁；occur to发生在。因此只有belong to“属于”符合题意。
46．A.across B．through
C．along D．past
答案　B
解析　across表示动作在某一物体的表面进行；through表示动作在某一物体的空间里进行；along沿着，顺着；past从……旁边路过，经过。
47．A.lay B．played
C．stood D．sat
答案　D
解析　我的妈妈坐在卧室的窗户前写日记。因此sit“坐”为正确答案。
48．A.marching B．looking
C．breaking D．pouring
答案　D
解析　看到热忱的家人进进出出的情景。因此只有D项正确。
49．A.between B．with
C．near D．behind
答案　B
解析　句意为：我永远不会厌烦和他们在一起。be with sb.“和某人在一起”符合文意。
50．A.wonders B．listens
C．reacts D．agrees
答案　B
解析　当作者讲过去的事，Lise专心的听，可知B项正确。
51．A.began B．grew
C．studied D．stayed
答案　A
解析　阅读文章可知作者现在住在外地，带着孙女来寻根，用begin“开始”能够表达出人生航程中的起点。
52．A.deepened B．recognized
C．accepted D．found
答案　D
解析　句意为：她已经找到了她的根。deepen加深；recognize认出；accept接受。只有find“找到，发现”符合文意。
53．A.heart B．rights
C．interest D．behaviors
答案　A
解析　知道“我”来自哪里是人心的最大的渴望之一。只有A项符合题意。
54．A.one B．its
C．that D．every
答案　C
解析　that origin代指root “那种根源”，符合文意。
55．A.meaning B．expression
C．connection D．background
答案　A
解析　句意为：回忆过去，我们发现我们的独特之处，学到了我”的真正含义。meaning意义；expression表达；connection联系；background背景。
名师点津
在完形填空中遇到生词是常见的现象，但这却影响了考生对文章的理解判断，并无形中增加了考生的心理压力，对正常发挥不利。一般说来，完形中的生词不会出现在选项中。对于那些不影响文章理解的生词，我们不必去深究，通过上下文了解其大概意义即可，有时可以忽略；而对于比较重要的和解题有关的生词，要注意构词法、上下句语义、语法逻辑或根据中心思想推敲句子间的逻辑等来把握词义。

Water and its importance to human life were the centre of the world’s attention last week.March 22 was World Water Day and __1__ the theme “Water for Life”．
There are more than one billion people in the world who live without __2__ drinking water.The United Nations __3__ to cut this number in half by 2015.
Solving such a big problem seems like __4_ challenge.But everyone，__5__ teenagers，can do something to help.A teenage girl in the US has set an example to __6__ of her age around the world.
Rene Haggerty,13，was awarded the 2004 Gloria Barron Prize for her work of __7__ discarded batteries which pollute water.
In 2003，Haggerty went on a field trip to the Great Lakes Science Centre in Ohio.There，she saw an exhibit about how __8__ in old batteries harm the water of Lake Erie.
Haggerty learnt that __9__ the batteries was an easy solution.“I think everybody can do it，because everyone __10__ batteries，and it can make a big difference.” With these words，she began to __11__ awareness in her area.
She __12__ her county government and school board.She got permission to start a recycling programme in schools __13__ the public library，hospital，and churches.With help from her family，friends and local waste­management __14__，she gathered containers，arranged transportation，and made a(n) __15__ video.
Over the past two years，she collected four tons of batteries and drew the attention of officials，who were in charge of a battery recycling programme but had made __16__ progress.
When asked __17__ she feels like a hero Haggerty is quite __18__.“Not really.Well，maybe for the fish I saved！”
Every year the Gloria Barron Prize __19__ young Americans aged 8 to 18 who have shown leadership and courage in __20__ the public and the planet.Each year ten winners receive US $2,000 each，to help with their education costs or their public service work.
1．A.had B．gave
C．wrote D．discussed
答案　A
解析　因为每个节日都“有”一个主题，所以“节水日”也是一样。
2．A.enough B．safe
C．much D．polluted
答案　B
解析　这里是指没有干净的水，所以饮用也就不“安全”。
3．A.asks B．orders
C．hopes D．ensures
答案　C
解析　这里是说联合国“希望”将这个数字减少一半。
4．A.a great B．a strong
C．an important D．an unreal
答案　D
解析　要达到这个目的有极大的困难，好像是一个不真实的挑战。
5．A.especially B．sometimes
C．even D．seldom
答案　C
解析　这里是说“甚至”青少年也可以参与到这个活动中，做一些有帮助的事情。
6．A.boys B．others
C．students D．grown­ups
答案　B
解析　泛指与之年龄相仿的其他青少年，并非指其他某类人。
7．A.collecting B．selling
C．buying D．using
答案　A
解析　根据后文可知是“收集”废弃电池。
8．A.things B．chemicals
C．water D．air
答案　B
解析　是由于电池里面的“化学物质”对环境造成的污染和危害。
9．A.making B．recycling
C．reducing D．handling
答案　B
解析　这里只有“回收”电池符合上下文语境和语义。
10．A.uses B．has
C．throws D．needs
答案　A
解析　人人都能做点事是因为人人都“使用”它。
11．A.tell B．increase
C．spread D．inform
答案　B
解析　因为她有这种想法，所以她开始使她生活的地方的人们认识到这一点。
12．A.talked to B．listened to
C．heard from D．thought about
答案　A
解析　于是她就跟她所在县的管理部门和学校董事会“谈”这件事。
13．A.and B．besides
C．as well as D．as good as
答案　C
解析　因为后面有and，所以这里只能用as well as。
14．A.officials B．workers
C．clerks D．experts
答案　A
解析　在waste­management部门工作的是政府官员。
15．A.industrial B．agricultural
C．scientific D．educational
答案　D
解析　这里说的是她制作一个用于宣传教育的电视影像。
16．A.much B．no
C．some D．little
答案　D
解析　根据这里的but及语境可以判断。
17．A.if B．how
C．when D．why
答案　A
解析　根据后面的答语not really来判断。
18．A.proud B．glad
C．modest D．worried
答案　C
解析　根据下文的回答可判断。
19．A.praises B．helps
C．supports D．honors
答案　D
解析　根据后文知，the Gloria Barron Prize每年都要“奖励”那些8到18岁的“为公众服务和保护地球”的青少年。
20．A.benefiting B．saving
C．serving D．favoring
答案　C
解析　见上题解析。

考点2　分析句子结构破解长难句
真题解密
__41__ I’d left myself plenty of time，soon it was __42__ I was going to be late，as I had mistakenly boarded a bus that was taking me in the __43__direction. (2012·安徽)
41．A.Although B．Since
C．Unless D．Once
42．A.strange B．necessary
C．obvious D．important
43．A.same B．right
C．general D．opposite
答案　41.A　42.C　43.D
解析　原题是一个复杂句。第一个逗号前后是两个主谓结构，故第41题应填入一个连词，分析前后句之间的语意可知两者之间为让步关系，故用although。先由mistakenly boarded a bus可知是坐错了车，从而走错了方向，所以43题是opposite，所以很明显要迟到了，所以第42题应填obvious。
趁热打铁
Number sense is not the ability to count.It is the ability to recognize a __1__ in number.Human beings are born with this ability. __2__，experiments show that many animals are，too.For example，many birds have good number sense.If a nest has four eggs and you remove one，the bird will not __3__.However，if you remove two，the bird __4__ leaves.This means that the bird knows the __5__ between two and three.
Another interesting experiment showed a bird’s __6__ number sense.A man was trying to take a photo of a crow(乌鸦) that had a nest in a tower，but the crow always left when she saw him coming.The bird did not __7__ until the man left the tower.The man had an __8__.He took another man with him to the tower.One man left and the other stayed，but they did not __9__ the bird.The crow stayed away until the second man left，too.The experiment was __10__ with three men and then with four men.But the crow did not return to the nest until all the men were __11__.It was not until five men went into the tower and only four left that they were __12__ able to fool the crow.
How good is a human’s number sense? It’s not very good.For example，babies about fourteen months old almost always notice if something is taken away from a __13__ group.But when the number goes beyond three or four，the children are __14__ fooled.
It seems that number sense is something we have in common with many animals in this world，and that our human __15__ is not much better than a crow’s. (2013·广东)
1．A.rise B．pattern C．change D．trend
答案　C
解析　由下文的两个实验来看，都是数字的“变化”。其他三个选项“上升”“样式”“趋势”与文中内容几乎毫无关系。
2．A.Importantly B．Surprisingly
C．Disappointedly D．Fortunately
答案　B
解析　因“实验表明许多动物也跟人类一样具有这种能力”，这是“令人惊讶的”。其他选项“重要地”“失望地”“幸运地”与上下文内容无联系。
3．A.survive B．care
C．hatch D．notice
答案　D
解析　结合下句，特别是however可知，上下句的大意应是“如果鸟巢内有四个蛋，你移走一个蛋，这只鸟会注意不到；然而，如果你移走两个蛋，这只鸟通常会离开这里”。其他选项“幸存关心”“孵化”不合语境。
4．A.generally B．sincerely
C．casually D．deliberately
答案　A
解析　这只鸟“通常”会离开，因为这个具体的例子是用来说明“many birds have good number sense”这个主题的。其它选项“真诚地”“无意地”“故意地”不合语境。
5．A.distance B．range
C．difference D．interval
答案　C
解析　这个例子谈到，四个中移走一个余下三个，这只鸟不会注意到；若移走两个，余下两个了，这只鸟就会离开这里了。这说明这只鸟知道余下两个与余下三个的“差别”。其余选项“距离”“范围”“间隔”与语境不符。
6．A.amazing B．annoying
C．satisfying D．disturbing
答案　A
解析　与上文中good number sense(良好的数字感)中的good相对应，也与第2题的答案surprisingly相对，故选“amazing (令人惊异的)”，近义复现。其他选项“讨厌的”“令人满意的”“烦扰的”不合语境。
7．A.relax B．recover
C．react D．return
答案　D
解析　选return与left相对，与下文中return to the nest的return是原词复现。
8．A.appointment B．excuse
C．idea D．explanation
答案　C
解析　从下文看，这个人有了一个“主意”或想了一个“办法”。 其他选项“约会”“借口”“解释”均不合语境。
9．A.fool B．hurt C．catch D．kill
答案　A
解析　由but可知，他们并没能“欺骗”那只乌鸦。与下文fool the crow中的fool是原词复现，也就是说从此可以得到启示。
10．A.reported B．repeated
C．designed D．approved
答案　B
解析　该实验先由一个人去接近那只乌鸦，然后又带一个人即共两个人去做这个实验，接着三个人、四个人去“重复”做这个实验。其他选项“报告”“设计”“证明”均与语境不符。
11．A.confused B．gone
C．tired D．drunk
答案　B
解析　那只乌鸦直到所有人都“不见了”才会回来。
12．A.gradually B．luckily
C．strangely D．finally
答案　D
解析　前面已分别由一个人、二个人、三个人、四个人重复做了四次了，直到五个人进了塔走了四个，即还有一个在塔里，他们才“最终”欺骗了这只乌鸦。结合文章倒数第二段讲14个月大的婴儿在数量超过三四个之后就常常被欺骗，就可理解。
13．A.single B．small C．local D．new
答案　B
解析　由下文“But when the number goes beyond three or four...”可知，是指三四个以内的这样一“小”组东西。
14．A.seldom B．temporarily
C．merely D．often
答案　D
解析　由but可知，后文是表示与always notice相对的意思，当数量超过三四个以后，就“常常”能欺骗这些婴儿了。其他选项“很少”“暂时地”“只是”与语境不符。
15．A.sight B．nature
C．ability D．belief
答案　C
解析　由文章的首段可知，本文在讲到人具有数字感的同时，重点是讲动物的数字感，即有辨别数字变化的“能力”。
名师点津
分析长难句可从下面几点入手：
1．找出谓语动词
找到了谓语动词，就说明有句子存在。有时态的动词通常是谓语。然后，顺着谓语动词往前找，如果有引导词存在，说明这个谓语动词所在的句子就是个从句，再根据引导词前的单词判定该从句的类型。如果没有引导词存在，那说明这是主句的谓语动词，那它的前面就是主语，后面就应该是宾语或表语。
2．寻找并列连词
常见的并列连词有and，but，yet，or，so，for，not only...but also...看到这些单词，一般就有并列结构存在，并且很可能存在着省略问题。
3．寻找引导词
找到引导词就找到了从句，再根据引导词前的单词确定其是什么从句。
4．寻找名词
一般的长句子中，名词后只要不是谓语动词，一般都有修饰限定成分，即定语或同位语。也就是说，我们只要能寻找到名词，其后的句子成分就确定是修饰或解释前面的名词的。

One day a few years ago we had an uninvited guest—a sparrow.__1__ the little bird had flown into our open garage.Then I __2__ the bird before I saw it.
“What’s that？”I asked when I first heard the sound.
“It’s coming from the __3__，” my wife，Anita，said.“Maybe it’s one of the little __4__.”
I looked into the garage.No children at all.But there was that sound again，coming from right up there.And that’s __5__ I saw the sparrow.It was flying __6__ just inches below the ceiling.It was clearly __7__ to get out，but couldn’t see the way out was not up，but __8__ and out through the garage door.So the bird continued flapping its wings and bumpin