翻译技巧(李智).doc

翻译技巧
一． 翻译的基本技巧
1. 词性转换法
A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car. (一个穿着讲究的人上了车。他的外表和谈吐都像个美国人。)
Securities laws require companies to treat all shareholders reasonably equally.
(证券法要求公司给所有持股人既合理又平等的待遇。)
Time Warner will pay TCI 360 million for Southern Satellite company.
（时代华纳愿会给TCI三亿六千万美元购买南方卫星这家公司。）
2. 增减重复法
She was more royal than the royals.
（她比皇家成员更有皇家气质。）
You must come back before nine. Period!
（你必须九点前回来，没有什么可商量的余地。）
There are scenes of all sorts, some dreadful combats, some grand and lofty horse-riding, some scenes of high life, and some of very middling indeed; some lovemaking for the sentimental, and some light comic business.
（……看看各种表演，像激烈的格斗，精彩的骑术，上流社会的形形色色，普通人家生活的情形，专为多情的看客预备的恋爱场面，轻松滑稽的穿插等等。）
He shouldn’t have taken advantage of her sexually.
(他本不应该占她的便宜。)
There had been too much publicity about their relationship.
（他们的关系已经闹得满城风雨，人人皆知了。）
But Europe held forth the charms of storied and poetical association.
（但欧洲也有它的美，欧洲的美较之美国的美更富于历史与诗意的联想。）
3. 反面着笔法
Yet the process of achieving gender equality is still an ongoing one.
（然而争取男女平等的过程仍然是一项未竟之业。）
With Silicon Valley’s notorious housing prices in mind, I expected to see a much worse house.
（由于对硅谷房价出奇的高早有所闻，所以看到房子还过得去，真出乎我意料。）
4. 分合移位法
And a growing minority of Western intellectuals agreed.
（越来越多的西方知识分子当时接受这种看法，虽然从数量上说，他们仍是少数。）
A naïve projection of their past growth rates into the future was likely to greatly overstate their real prospects.
（若以过去的增长率来预测未来，会显得考虑欠周，因为那种预测会严重夸大未来的实际增长。）
The Inauguration took place on a bright, cold, and windy day.
(就职典礼那天天气晴朗，寒风凛冽。)
Thank you for your advice and counsel.
(谢谢您的忠告)
I knew every spot where a murder or robbery had been committed or a ghost seen.
（什么地方发生过盗案或者凶杀案，什么地方有鬼魂出现过，我都知道。）
A woman infected with HIV may be ostracized or abandoned by her husband if her condition is revealed, even when he is the source of the disease.
（即使妇女的HIV被丈夫传染，病情一旦泄露，还是会遭受冷待或抛弃。）

二． 汉英段落翻译实践
1. 词义的理解
为促进统一，就要有个适当的方式。
To promote the reunification of the motherland, we must find a proper means.
当今只有少数几个国家有资格打世界大战。
Only a few countries can afford to fight a world war.
2. 词义的表达
汉语中的“水平”，英语根据不同搭配用不同的词：
提高生活水平upgrade the living standard
提高会话水平 improve one’s conversational ability
提高领导水平 improve the art of leadership
提高文化水平 raise the intellectual level (of people)
提高英语水平 to improve English

清华附中的小记者走出校门，采访了76位路人。
A group of teenage reporters from the middle school to Qinghua University took a poll on the street on 76 passersby.
3. 添加主语
读书可以增长知识。
Through reading one can acquire knowledge.
得第一名获金牌，第四名什么也拿不到。
Whoever comes first wins a gold medal but anyone who comes fourth gets nothing.
4. 信息主语
报告的其他部分没有提到这一点。
The speaker made no mention of this point elsewhere in his report.
This point was not mentioned anywhere in his report.
到去年年底，已与好几个国签订了建造拉索桥的合同或协议。
By the end of last year, contracts or agreement were signed with some countries for the construction of chain bridges
5. 连贯主语
机构投资者和个人投资者踊跃购买每年发行的国库券。企业债券因为期限短，利率高于银行存款利率一到二个百分点，因此也十分受欢迎。人们争相购买债券，往往前一天晚上就在银行外排队，一个亿的债券几天就一售而空。
Treasury bonds issued each year has been the most popular with institutional and individual investors. Enterprise bonds are also popular because they have a short maturity and offer an interesting rate of 1-2%more than the average bank deposit rate. Often RMB 100 million worth of enterprise bonds are subscribed within a few days by anxious investors who queue overnight outside banks.
五十年代初期，美国企图征服朝鲜，但是中朝军民共同努力，最后打败了他们。
In the early 1950s, the U.S tried to conquer Korea, but finally were defeated by the joint efforts of the army and people of Korea and China.
6. 搭配主语
因为我们国家的建设事业不仅仅需要的是工程师和科学家，同样需要各行各业的能工巧匠。
For China in her development needs not only engineers and scientists, but talent of different kinds.
身体虽弱，但精神还好。
He is physically weak but mentally sound.
7. 非人称主语
不同的人对退休持不同的态度。
Different people have different attitudes towards retirement.
Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.
大多数人对学生的要求持同情的态度。
There is considerable public sympathy for the students demands.
8. 断句与合句
世界上一些国家发生问题，从根本上说，都是因为经济上不去，没有饭吃，没有衣穿，没有房住，工资增长被通货膨胀抵消，生活水平下降，大批人下岗和失业，长期过紧日子。
Basically, the root cause for social unrest in some countries lies in their failure to boost their economy. Consequently they lack food, clothing and shelter, and their wage increases are offset by inflation. With a decline in living standards, widespread layoffs and unemployment, people have to suffer chronic hardships.
这五年，首先农村改革带来许多新的变化，农作物大幅度增产，农民收入大幅度增加，乡镇企业异军突起。
During those five years, rural reform brought about many changes: a great increase in crop production and in farmers’ income as well as the rise of rural enterprises as a new force.
9. 理关系分主次
相当多的国有企业生产经营困难，下岗和失业人员增多，就业压力加大。
Quite a number of State-owned enterprises are experiencing difficulties in production and management, causing an increase in unemployment and consequent pressures in employment.
10. 突出信息重心
经过多年的努力，我们国家已能用仅占世界百分之七的耕地，养活了占世界百分之二十二的人口，使十一亿人民基本解决了温饱问题。
Now it has solved the problem of food and clothing to a point where it has managed to feed its 1.1 billion people, 22 percent of the world’s total population, with only 7 percent of the world’s cultivated land.
反对革命和社会主义的敌人对新中国散布了种种造谣毁谤，作者在这本书里把它们一一揭穿了。对于这个功绩，世界上千千万万的人都要感谢的。
Millions of people throughout the world are in debt to the author for the service he rendered in that book by tearing aside the curtain of lies and slanders about new China put up by the enemy of revolution and socialism.
11. 句子的调整
贪污腐化，奢侈浪费等现象仍在蔓延滋长。
Corruption, extravagance and waste are still growing and spreading.
12. 语义性添词
发展才是硬道理。
Economic growth is most important.
我们确定搞两个开放：一是对内开放，一个是对外开放。
We have decided on an open policy in two respects: namely to open both within the nation and to the world.
13. 连贯性添词
他在考察的过程中，从不盲目迷信书本上的结论，从不把权威看作是真理的唯一基础。他发现前人研究的地理记载中有许多不可靠的地方。
He never blindly accepted the conclusions given by books, nor did he treat authority as the sole basis for truth. As a result, he found many inaccuracies in the travel notes on geography written by his predecessors.
14. 表达性添词
中国的影响，中国的成就，在世界上到处可见。
The signs of China’s influence and success abound in the world.
最近几年，考托福的人大大减少了。
In recent years, the number of people who take the TOEFL test has decreased.
15. 句内重复信息省略
海峡两岸的中国人都是骨肉同胞，手足兄弟。
The Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Straits are of the same blood.
他虽然带着五七分酒意，却装做十分醉的，前颠后仰，东倒西歪。
He was not really drunk, but pretended he was intoxicated and staggered along.
16. 词内重复信息省略
由于各种各样的原因，他们常常感到心情压抑，事业受挫。
They often feel depressed and frustrated for a variety of reasons.
这份杂志内容有趣，文字浅显，立即畅销全国。
The magazine has gained immediate nationwide popularity at once as it is interesting and easy.
17. 代词性替代
这个代价还不只是环境上的。代价还有社会风气的变坏。
The cost is not only environmental, it is also more serious in terms of the decline in public morals.
他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others.
18. 同义词替代
在科技界，医学界和体育界，同样存在相同的情况。……这种情况相当糟糕。……这种情况一直到九十年代初才有所改变。
A similar story has been told in science, medicine and sports circles … The situation was so grim… It didn’t change much until the early 1990…
这项政策能确保发展中国家不断提高生活水平，确保发达国家的经济持续发展。
The policy will ensure a rising standard of living for the developing countries and sustained economic growth for the developed world.
19. 概括词替代
由十余位中国和美国教师开设硕士水平的各种课程。美国学生由中国教师负责教学，主要研究中国问题。用汉语上课。
Under them, up to a dozen faculty members of both nationalities will offer a variety of courses at the master’s level. The Americans, studying with Chinese professors, will concentrate on China.
这样我就开始准备写“中国的词”的论文。其实，童年在家里我喜欢读词读赋，但对于词，我并没有好好研究过。
So I began to prepare my dissertation on Chinese Ci, a subject of which I had never made a thorough study though I liked to read this kind of poetry in my childhood.
20. 结构性替代
说到埃及，人们不可能不想到金字塔，同样，说到中国，人们也不可能不想到长城。
One can’t speak of Egypt without thinking of the Pyramids, nor of China without the Great Wall.
说一个人自私自利，不只是因为他只图自己的利益，而是因为他不顾邻人的利益。
A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbor’s.
21. 修饰语的处理
学校的任务是培养德智体全面发展，能熟练运用外语从事外事和文化交流工作的合格人才。
The university aims to train morally, intellectually and physically developed students with a good command of foreign languages and qualified for foreign affairs and cultural exchange with foreign countries.
他们在这里修建了一座足以通过重型卡车的桥梁。
They built up there a bridge strong enough to support heavy lorries
22. 汉语动词的处理
人际关系就是一种善于听取别人意见，体察别人的需要，虚心接受批评的能力
Interpersonal skills are nothing but the ability to be good listener, to be sensitive toward others’ needs, to take criticism well.
这就给几十万在高峰时间乘车上下班的人带来了很大的不便。
Thus hundreds of thousands of rush hour commuters are greatly affected.
他一张饱经风霜的脸上，双眉紧销，显得心事重重。
There was a troubled frown on his weather-beaten face.
23. 抽象名词的运用
这部短小精焊的书一问世立即受到人们，特别是大学生的青睐，并多次再版。无须解释人们为什么这么喜爱这本书，因为只要稍加浏览，就可以看到书里收集的格言反映了文明社会中对于友谊的看法。
This short work enjoyed an immediate acceptance, especially among college students, and was reprinted many times. Its popularity needs no explanation, for a brief perusal of the questions shows that they embody the notions of civilized friendship.
在经济发展中，我们要控制人口，节约资源，保护环境并把它们放到重要位置上。
Great importance must be attached to population control, the conservation of resources and environmental protection in economic growth.
24. 换一种说法
土地的紧张迫使人们越来越多地砍去森林，造起住房。
And land hunger is forcing more and more homes to be built on the land once covered with the forests.
这是一出超越民族局限的戏。
The play has universal appeal.
25. 抽象化表达
冬季您若怕冷的话，可以到没有酷暑和严冬的“春城”昆明。
If you dislike the cold in winter, you can visit Kunming, the “Spring City” which is spared temperature extremes.
华侨离乡背井，远居国外。因此他们在感情上越来越向往祖国大陆。
Absence and distance make the overseas Chinese heart increasingly fond of the motherland.
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