我的工具箱.doc

Part I: 文章的开头
1号：现象法 （适用于阐述主题型作文和正反观点型作文）
1. Recently the issue / problem of … has been brought into focus. / brought to / aroused public attention.
2. In the past … years, many … have been faced / troubled / confronted with …
3. One of the hottest / most popular topics / problems many people complain / talk abut now is …
4. In the past few decades, there has been a sharp / dramatic increase / growth / rise / decline in … According to an official report / survey / poll …
5. Recently / Presently the phenomenon / problem of … has become a heated topic

2号：对立法 （适用于正反观点型作文）
1. When asked about … , a great / vast majority of people say that … But I think / view a bit differently (But in my eye / view, …)
2. When it comes to … , some people believe that … but some others argue / claim that … (the opposite / reverse is true). There is probably some truth in both arguments / statements, but … (I tend to / would prefer the former / latter.)
3. Now, it is commonly / generally / widely believed / held / acknowledged that … They claim / believe / argue that … But I wonder / doubt whether …

3号：观点法 （适用于阐述主题型）
1. Now there is a growing awareness / recognition of the necessity to …
2. Now people are becoming increasingly aware / conscious / of the importance of …
3. Now people in growing / significant numbers are beginning / coming to realize / accept / be aware that …
4. Nowhere in … / Never in history has the issue / change / idea of … been more evident / visible / popular / serious than in …
5. Perhaps / Maybe we should / it is time to rethink / reexamine / have a fresh look at the idea / value / attitude / wisdom / desirability that …

4号：说明法 （适用于图表型作文）
1. The first graph shows us … At the same time, the other shows that …
2. From the graph, we know the statistics of … and … It can be seen easily that …
3. The figure of the first graph shows that … . While the figure of the second graph shows that … The relationship between these two figures warns us that …

5号：问题法 （适用于阐述主题型作文和正反观点型作文）
1. Should / What …? Opinions of / Attitudes towards / Answers to … vary widely / greatly / from person to person. Some view / regard / think of … as … Others believe / argue / claim …
2. Why do / have … ? Many people often ask / pose the question like this.

6号：引用法 （适用于阐述主题型作文和正反观点型作文）
1. One of the great / early writers / philosophers / scientists said / wrote / remarked that … If this is true / the case, then the present / current view / values / attitudes / situation should make us wonder whether … / ponder over …
2. “…” The same idea / complaint / attitude is voiced / echoed / shared by …

7号： 寒暄法 （适用于书信型作文）
1. Permit me to congratulate you upon …
2. I beg to inform you that …
3. Allow me to introduce to you …
4. I am very glad to recommend to you …
5. In answer to your advertisement I wish to apply for a post as … in your office
6. It is a pleasure to write this letter because it gives me an opportunity to tell you …

8号 背景法 （适用于叙述故事型作文）
1. I still remember vividly the day when I first …
2. The picture of … has become rather blurred. … however, does stand out vividly in my mind.

Part II: 文章的主体
1号：重要性（作用、优缺点）段
1. … plays a key / vital role in …
2. … is of vital importance to …
3. There is no denying the fact that … is indispensable to … in various ways.
4. …, as in the case with many issues, has both positive and negative aspects.
5. The importance of … cannot be overstated.
6. … has profound influence on …
7. … has found wide application in various fields.
8. Now great importance has been attached to …
9. The merit of … lies in many ways.

2号：危害问题段
1. … poses a tremendous threat to …
2. However, the disadvantages of … cannot be ignored.
3. … may create a sequence of problems to the person concerned.
4. However, … may cause some side-effects.
5. Every coin has two sides, so does the matter of …. Its negative sides / aspects cannot be overlooked.
6. The negative aspects of … are also obvious.
7. One major disadvantage of … is that … Another disadvantage is … A further disadvantage is …

3号：他人观点段
1. When it comes to / Faced with …, quite a few people claim / argue that …, but other people view it differently.
2. As far as … is concerned, opinions vary widely.
3. People’s attitudes toward … vary from person / individual to person / individual. Some maintain that … They assume that … However, others think of … as … They criticize.
4. Some people believe … Others claim … Still others argue…
5. Quite a few people, who strongly advocate … argue … On the other hand, an increasing number of people, who believe … maintain …
6. Those who object to it claim … But those who support it argue …
7. Quite a few people claim … More and more people, however, come to realize that …

4号：解释原因段
1. The phenomenon is due to a couple of factors. One major factor is … That … can be another factor is … A further factor is …
2. Two main factors contribute to …. On the one hand … On the other hand …
3. A number of factors, both individual and social, can account for / explain / result in the phenomenon. For one thing, … For another, … A third contributing factor is …
4. There are many reasons for … but generally they can come down to three. One reason for this is … Another reason is … One strong reason for my argument is …
5. One major reason is … The fact that … can be another reason. A further reason is that …
6. … is frequently connected to …. Social factors may also have ld to … It is generally true to say that …
7. Reasons for … are numerous. The chief reason is that … A second good reason is that … Still another reason is that …
8. One may attribute / ascribe / owe the … to
9. One may trace the … back to …

5号：比较段
1. Similarly / Likewise / In the same way, …
2. Just as …, so …
3. Compared with …,
4. … differs from … in several ways.
5. To …, the advantages of … outweigh those of …
6. It is hard to say whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantage or vice versa.
7. Another important difference is … , while …
8. … outshine …
9. … outperform…

6号：举例段
1. History / Life is filled with example. A good case in point is … Another good illustration is …
2. Take … as an example.
3. To take a random example, …
4. Just suppose what would be like / happen if …
5. One case in point is … Another case in point is …
6. A good case in point is … It is the same case with … This is also true of …

7号：概念过程段
1. There is an old saying / proverb, … which suggests / indicates that …
2. As a famous saying / philosopher once put it, … , it is clear that …

8号：措施段
1. Measures / Actions should be taken to cope with this problem. To begin with … Next … Last but not the least…
2. One suggestion to this problem is to … Another suggestion is to … A further suggestion is that …
3. One major solution to this problem is to … The fact that … can be another solution. Still another solution is that …
4. Now it is time something was done to cope with this tough problem. On the one hand, … On the other hand, … Only when…/Only in this way shall we …
5. Several possible solutions have been put forward. One is … Another is … Undoubtedly there is a long way to go before …

9号：个人观点段
1. I quite agree with the statement that …
2. Personally, I am in favor of the former / the latter …
3. To my mind, I am on the side of …with following three reasons.
4. For my part, I side with … as the result of the following considerations.
5. In my opinion / view,
6. As I see it
7. It seems to me that
8. As far as I am concerned.

Part III: 文章的结尾
1号：结论性结尾
1. From what has been discussed above / Judging from all evidence offered, we may safely come to the conclusion that …
2. In conclusion / summary / a word , …

2号：后果性结尾
1. Obviously / Clearly / No doubt, if we can’t / don’t …, / if we ignore / are blind to …, there is every chance / chances are / it is very likely that …
2. Any person / nation / society who / which ignores / is blind to / fails to learn … would pay a heavy price.

3号：号召性结尾
1. It is (high) time that we …
2. It is essential / necessary / important that effective / quick / proper measures / actions / steps / remedies / should be taken to …

4号：建议性结尾
1. In short / In any case, we / it should / must / ought to …
2. Here are some of the things that might be done / here are some of the measures that might be taken immediately (to …)

Part IV: 应用文写作
1. 信件：
2. 通知：
书面通知：
NOTICE (ANNOUNCEMENT)
书面通知的正文一般用第三人称来写。时间、地点、参加者、内容、注意事项是通知的要点,应直截了当地一一予以说明。
…
2007-9-15

口头通知:
Ladies and gentlemen / Boys and girls:
Be quiet, please! / May I have your attention? / Attention, please!
….
Thank you.

开头语
Be quiet, please! Attention, please!
Listen, please
A Please be quiet, everyone.
Please stop talking over there!
May I have your attention, please!
Please be quiet, everyone, There is something I have to tell you.
B Be quiet, please. There is something you need to know.
Listen, please. There is going to be…

结束语
Any questions?
Does everyone understand?
That’s all. Thank you.

不论是口头通知还是书面通知都是宣布即将发生的事情及其具体内容,因而多用将来时态,其中往往有一些注意事项,一般用祈使句来强调。通知的语言要简洁明了,条理清晰,要求精确,特别是时间概念很重要,必须写得十分明确,不容丝毫含糊。
3. 图表：