研究性学习--徐云河.doc

第四章 研究性学习走进英语高考
新课程背景下的英语高考越来越多地体现出研究性学习的重要性和必要性。研究性学习作为综合实践课程的一个部分，要求学生在教师的指导下，从自身生活和社会生活中选择和确定研究专题，以类似科学研究的方式主动地获取知识、应用知识、解决问题，培养学生的创新精神、实践能力、终身学习的能力和适应社会生活的能力。高中学生通过义务教育阶段英语学习后，有一定的英语基础，可以在老师的指导下，运用信息化手段进行团队（小组）合作、自主探究，获取语言知识、跨文化交际能力、高效的学习策略以及综合运用语言的能力。这样，学生通过自己的探索，学到的知识 “源于课堂，高于课堂”。而且，学生获得的不仅仅是语言知识，更为关键的是获取了探究知识奥秘的能力，养成了“利用已知探究未知”的良好学习习惯，培养了学生的成就感和求知欲，为终身学习奠定基础。
高考英语命题“突出能力立意，着力内容创新”。按照考纲的要求，考查内容和现实生活、社会发展紧密结合。新课程背景下的英语高考突出学生语言运用能力的考查，重语言知识的获取而轻语言能力的培养的教与学是不能达到要求的。
高中学校使用的人教版高中英语教材的选材和结构特点有利于学生进行以自身为学习活动主体的研究性学习，可操作的空间更大了，灵活性更强了。这套教材对在传统教学模式中英语教师的角色定位提出了新的挑战。传统的以课堂、课本、教师为中心的高中英语教学模式，已不能完全适应信息社会对人才发展的需要。在信息社会中，学习的资源无限扩大、异常丰富，学习的内涵和外延得到充分的扩展，学习的任务不再局限于课堂上传授知识，学习的重心转移到学会学习、掌握学习方法上，被动的接受式学习转向主动的探索性学习和研究性学习上，学生的主体性得到比较充分的尊重和发展。面对这样的挑战，作为外语教学工作者，我们的唯一对策是：向教材学习，向我们的教学对象学习，向我们的同行学习，向我们必须参与的教学实践学习，向我们必须遵循的现代教育理论学习。教师要提高自己的教学能力，创造性地设计教学。在教授教材内容时，教师要了解学生水平，要能把握什么样的问题是学生自己能够解决的，从而在学生所能解决的问题基础之上设计更深层次的教学内容，鼓励和指导学生开展研究性学习。
作为对学生英语语言能力的终结性评价之一，高考英语试题越来越明显地体现出研究性学习的内容，通过对学生语言能力的考查，检验研究性学习的成效。例如听力试题语速适中，更加贴近生活实际，材料内容是可能发生在身边的事；完形填空内容真实，渗透情感、态度、价值观的教育与反思；阅读理解文章选材广泛，有较强的时代气息；湖北省高考英语试题的完成句子体现词汇和语法在具体语言环境下的运用；短文写作的开放式设计等等，这些都充分说明了研究性学习和高考英语试题的联系日益紧密。面对这种趋势，作为英语教师，我们在教学和备考中要积极行动起来，坚定不移地贯彻研究性学习的理念，在设计高效课堂上下足功夫。
第一节 研究性学习与高考英语试题
湖北省自2009年实施新课程改革以来，高考英语试题稳步推进新课改的理念，渗透对研究性学习的成果检验。试题注重考查学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力；用英语进行思维和表达的能力；跨文化交际的意识和基本的跨文化交际能力。同时，学生的国际视野、爱国主义精神和民族使命感、健全的情感、态度、价值观等都在高考英语试题中有所体现。新课程背景下的高考英语命题秉承考查学生综合运用语言知识能力的模式，在内容和形式上有较大的创新，显示出稳步推进高考改革的坚强决心。通过对2009年前后的高考英语试题进行比较之后，我们发现新课程背景下的英语高考同学生的研究性学习的能力紧密地联系起来。新英语高考的试题特点主要表现在以下几个方面：
一、 考查用英语获取信息、处理信息的能力
高中英语课程要特别着重培养学生用英语获取信息、处理信息和传达信息的能力、分析问题和解决问题的能力以及用英语进行思维和表达的能力。英语作为一门语言学科，内容涉及社会、人文、科技、政治、经济、体育等等诸多方面，涉及大量的语言信息的输入，同时，学生获得信息的途径也丰富多样。《高中英语新课程标准》要求教师要充分利用现代教育技术，开发英语教学资源，拓宽学生学习渠道，改进学生的学习方式，提高学生的学习效率。在条件许可的情况下，教师应充分利用各种听觉和视觉手段，例如：挂图、音像等，丰富教学内容和形式，促进学生课堂学习；要利用计算机和多媒体教学软件，探索新的教学模式，促进学生的个性化学习；要开发和利用广播电视、英语报刊、图书馆和网络等多种资源，为学生创造自主学习的条件。我们生活在有各类信息包围的时代，这就要求学生对所获得的信息进行定性和定量的分析，对信息进行整理、归纳、筛选、重组，获取自己所需要的信息。高考英语试题逐步涉及研究性学习的内容，考查学生处理定量信息的能力，而这一能力的培养就反映在我们研究性学习的过程中。
例1（2012年高考浙江卷）
下面文章中有5处（第61–65题）需要添加小标题。请从以下选项（A、B、C、D、E和F）中选出符合各段意思的小标题，并在答题纸上将相应选项的标号涂黑。选项中有一项是多余选项。
A. Slow Down Your Life
B. Escape Now and Then
C. Separate Your Actions
D. Allow Yourself to Be Weak
E. Relieve Pressure by Firmly Saying "No"
F. Stop Expecting Everything to Be Perfect
How to Simplify Your Life
Less is more. This is why we say reduce things by half instead of doubling them, get rid of junk instead of piling it up, relax instead of stressing, slow down instead of speeding up. Apply these principles in your everyday life in a conscious way. You will then find yourself well along on your journey to simplification.
61.__
When you concentrate on one task, you find you have energy that you didn't even know you had. Just imagine: you are at a fair and you have to carry two heavy pigs over 100 yards. If you keep grabbing one and then the other, it will take forever, because one of them will keep slipping out from under your arm and running off. But if you tie one pig in a place, pick up the other, gather all your strength and make a dash for the finish line, pause for a moment, run back and get the other one, and with great determination, carry the second pig to the finish line, then you can be sure of success.
62._________
The pressure at work is on the increase in all occupations. In the modern nuclear family, the expectations that formerly would have been shared among all the relatives are now concentrated on the individual partner.
If you have the feeling that 24 hours per day are not enough for all the things you need to do, then it's not because the day has too few hours, but because you have too many activities. A simple fact that overloaded people often tend to forget. The solution is equally simple: refuse to accept so many work assignments in your private life or your working life.
63.____________
"I can handle stress" is regarded as a positive statement in the world of work. People who can handle stress are given more and more to cope with -- until one day they break.
Pay careful attention to the signs that tell you that you are under more stress than you can cope with. These signals can come from various areas of life. You become ill, or your work efficiency decreases.
If you have any of these symptoms, change your life goals and decrease your tolerance of stress. Say quite openly, "I can't manage that. "
64.__________
" If only I were slimmer, more beautiful, richer, more clever, then I would be happier. " This is a dream that makes a lot of people ill, depressed, and unhappy. Life has its flaws, defects, corners, and edges. Only those who accept this reality can lead a really full life.
Of course there are activities in which errors are dangerous: driving a car; crossing the road. But life doesn't consist entirely of these things. In among them there is a lot of room for small and large mistakes.
65._________
Successful people all have their own places where they can withdraw in order to work. Find out which places improve your creativity. For me it's the train. When I know that I'm going to be traveling for four hours without phone calls and people knocking on my door, I find nay mind is free and I can read or write complex articles. There can be problems working on the train, of course : if the person sitting opposite you keeps talking away, or if train traps make you tired ( some people fall asleep after a few miles).
分析：
在研究性学习的过程中，学生要具备获得的信息、处理信息和传达信息的能力，对获得的信息进行归纳总结。本题从一个方面考查学生的研究性学习的能力：对信息的归纳总结---提炼信息的能力。本题虽然是一篇完整的文章，但要求学生在把握全文信息的基础上，对每一个自然段的内容进行概括和归纳，然后选择与各自然段主旨大意相符的选项。要想获得这一能力，学生需要在学习中多阅读报刊、杂志等上面的文章，训练及时进行信息检索，然后对获得的信息进行总结提炼。因此，高中学生应积极开展研究性学习，多阅读报刊杂志上的原文，开阔视野，提高对英语语言信息的处理能力。《新课标》八级目标在读上面要求：
1. 能识别不同文体的特征；
2．能通过分析句子结构理解难句和长句；
3．能理解阅读材料中不同的观点和态度；
4．能根据学习任务的需要从多种媒体中获取信息并进行加工处理；
5．能在教师的帮助下欣赏浅显的英语文学作品；
6．除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到30万词以上。
高中英语教师应该引导学生开展课外阅读，布置研究性学习的任务，增强学生用英语获取信息、处理信息的能力。
答案：61. C 62. E 63. D 64. F 65. B
二、考查学生正确的情感、态度、价值观
高考试题把学生的道德、情感体验能力作为考察的范围之一。试题提供真实的生活情景，情景中显露出人物间的爱与恨、作者的赞扬与批评等真情实感，让学生在阅读中进行真善美、假恶丑的选择与判断，培养学生的道德水平和审美情趣，这也是学生研究性学习的目的之一；通过研究性学习活动，学生体验到与他人相处时的丰富的情绪情感，从而形成正确的价值观和人生观。反之，如果学生在研究性学习中形成了高尚的道德情操，他们也能准确理解高考完形填空中不变的主题：真、善、美。
例2 （2012年浙江卷完形填空第33、34、35题）
Oscar talked his grandparents into going by Mrs. O'Brien's 30 on their way home. He rang the bell, the door opened, and an elderly woman appeared. "May I 31 you?" she asked.
"I'd like to return it if it's yours," Oscar said, 32 the umbrella as if presenting a 33 that had long been wished for.
"Why, yes! It's mine," replied Mrs. O'Brien with a 34 smile and shining eyes. "It was given to me by my father years ago. Thank you so much for returning it. May I offer you a reward for your 35 ?"
"No, ma'am," he said, "My grandmother says that a good deed is its own reward. "
33. A. chance B. fact C. gift D. result
34. A. wide B. confident C. proud D. shy
35. A. patience B. kindness C. courage D. determination
【分析】 研究性学习要求学生有良好的人文情怀，能对美好的情感和高尚的高的情操产生共鸣。高考完形填空题基本延续传统的体裁，以记叙为主，议论为辅，文章没有生词，内容积极向上。本文记叙了一个人拾金不昧，捡到别人的伞之后专程还给失主，很多年之后又收到的失主赠送伞的故事，启迪我们：善有善报这样一个朴实的真理和美德。第33、34、35题是文章的高潮部分之一，描写Oscar归还雨伞的细节，他递过雨伞就像递过别人期待已久的礼物一样，与之后的that had long been wished for相呼应（所以应该选C）；第34题与and shinning eyes相呼应，可知答案A，灿烂的微笑，符合文意；第35题当然就是Mrs. O’Brien 想要对Oscar的善意表达酬谢了（所以应该选B）。文中"My grandmother says that a good deed is its own reward. "再次点明了真、善、美是不用回报的，它们存在于人们的内心当中，文章讲述了一个感人的故事，陶冶了学生的道德情操。
三、考查探究、推理的能力
研究性学习活动要求学生对获取的信息进行分类处理，通过对获得的语言信息进行比较、筛选、分析，形成有一定指向的研究成果。英语高考题通过在一定的语言材料中设置主题和结论，要求学生进行演绎式探究来发现各个组成部分之间的逻辑关系；或者通过已知组成部分，按照学生探究出来的各个部分之间的内在联系，要求学生推理出新的组成部分。这种考查学生研究性学习的试题模式，在近些年的英语高考中越来越受到推崇。
例3（2012年浙江卷完形填空第51题）
From Paragraph 2 we can learn that________ .
A. violence is more likely to occur at lunchtime
B. a small conflict can lead to violence
C. students tend to lose their temper easily
D. the eating habit of a student is often the cause of a fight
【分析】
这是一道考查学生的研究性学习的能力的试题，要求学生应用研究性学习活动中所获得的技能和技巧进行推理判断。文章一开头就说，同学（朋友）之间常常发生一些小摩擦，第二段第一句话是说学生在学校和同学发生冲突在所难免，那么究竟该如何应对呢？本文进行了分析并给大家提供了一些有效的应对策略。第51题考查学生在整体理解段落大意的基础上，根据第二段的内容，对一个小小的三明治的嘲笑都可以让同学感觉受到了侮辱，而导致了同学之间暴力相向，由此可以以推知答案B符合文意。
四、考查自主表达见解的能力
研究性学习注重学生的评价鉴赏能力，要求学生对已有的观点或者材料发表自己的观点和见解。学生需要注意自己陈述自己观点的策略和技巧，同时还要求学生用具体的事例来证明自己的见解。在用英语陈述自己的观点和叙述事例的时候，一篇好的短文要注意：内容要点切题、词汇和语法结构的准确性和多样性、上下文的连贯性及语言的得体性。高考短文写作题不仅考查学生对英语语言的审美能力，同时也考查学生对语言的组织和呈现能力，这也和研究性学习的意图一脉相承。那些观点鲜明、语言逻辑性强、行文结构紧凑、有真情实感的作文，当然就会得高分了。
例4 （2012年湖北卷短文写作）
请根据以下提示，并结合事例，用英语写一篇短文。
You cannot choose what you are given, but you can choose how you make use of it.
注意：
①无须写标题，不得照抄英语提示语；
②除诗歌外，文体不限；
③文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称；
④词数为120左右。
【分析】
该篇短文写作是开放式作文，属于研究性学习中的成果展示，因此学生在写作的时候要结合事例谈谈对所给的观点的看法，只谈看法而缺少事例应当被视为没有完成写作的任务。文章开头可以简单地用自己的话表述对所给的观点的理解，然后用发生在自己身上或者身边的故事来证明自己的理解，最后再结合已经叙述的事例做总结性的阐述----再一次阐述自己的观点。
One Possible Version
Three years ago I failed an important exam in my life and became a student in an ordinary school. Disappointed as I felt at the shabby campus and the poorly-equipped classroom, I found the teachers patient and considerate. Besides, I enjoyed the friendly atmosphere in class. I decided to make the best of it. I worked hard and got along well with my teachers and classmates. Whenever I had difficulties, they were always available. Soon, I became one of the top students in my class, which greatly increased my confidence and got me motivated.
My experience tells me that it is not what you are given but how you make use of it that determines who you are.
第二节 英语研究性学习能力提升
一、 精读中的研究性学习
材料1
Stacy had recently moved from New York City to Stoneybrook, Connecticut. It was ___1____for her to make new friends but she finally had three when she joined the Babysitters Club to ___2____little children whose parents were busy. Claudia, Kristy, and Mary were in her class at school and also the other 3 of the club. The girls met at five o’clock on Fridays and waited for the 4 to ring. So far they had been busy, in spite of the 5 that they couldn’t stay out late and were under 13.
___6___, the girls’ world was invaded(侵犯) by a second group 7 themselves the Babysitters Agency. They were 8 and the group also included a few boys. The Babysitters Club tried to think of ways to 9 with the older group. They could clean and work for less money, however, they 10 it would be difficult to compete. The shock was even greater than they had 11 _when most of their best customers started to call the new group. They 12 to get only a few jobs.
To try a new 13 ，Kristy recruited(招收) a few older kids who told the club they didn’t want to 14 their money with the other group. The club 15 only too quickly that these older girls joined only as spies and didn’t 16 for their job assignments(分派). Thus, more parents were 17 with the club.
Finally, the girls realized that the 18 in the other group were not good babysitters. They watched television, talked on the phone, and invited boyfriends to the house 19 they were sitting. When the children of the families started to 20 , and a near accident almost occurred, the club went to the parents to tell them what was happening.
1. A. active B. thoughtful C. easy                      D. hard
2. A. take care of B. run into               C. go through             D. take advantage of
3. A. children B. members            C. circles D. players
4. A. alarm B. traffic C. phone D. neighbor
5. A. fact B. degree C. question D. demand
6. A. Therefore B. Suddenly C. Regularly              D. Unwillingly
7. A. attracting             B. finding C. calling D. matching
8. A. younger                B. cleverer C. taller D. older
9. A. compete B. fight C. do D. meet
10. A. heard B. knew C. promised D. shot
11. A. damaged B. caught C. expected D. forced
12. A. hoped B. liked C. refused D. seemed
13. A. chance B. possibility C. power D. policy
14. A. share B. give C. provide D. mark
15. A. put down B. paid off C. found out D. come through
16. A. check up B. end up C. look up D. show up
17. A. satisfied B. unhappy C. curious D. helpful
18. A. kids B. adults C. systems D. situations
19. A. that B. when C. where D. how
20. A. blow B. complain C. appreciate D. spread
材料2
Every year between February and April, when the southwest monsoon (季风)blows ,a fever seizes the Thais (泰国人).It is the kite flying in Thailand __21__a strong feeling of interest that is nothing 22 of feverish.
During the summer, in the moths of March and April ,the skies 23 cities ,towns and villages throughout the Kingdom are 24 with kites of all descriptions --long-tailed dragons, twisting snakes ,beautiful butter-flies, or familiar cartoon characters wheeling and weaving in the warm air.
One afternoon, a friend and long-time kite flier invited me to 25 him at the Pramane Ground ."What's the attraction?" I asked as he flew a huge kite. "Well ,you can feel a bit of a 26 at first ."he replied," a grown man standing there holding the end of a string and 27 up into the sky .But once you forget yourself , you get caught up in the 28 of controlling something in the air where you cannot follow. You're on the ground :the kite's in the air but it's you that are making it al 29 .Come on ,go fly a kite."
I took his advice in the 30 it was meant and ,holding the hand of my young daughter so that others would think I was only satisfying a child's 31 ,I bought a rainbow-colored snake .After a few failed runs we got the kite into the air 32 greater ease than I expected. It was only at my daughter 's crying ,"My go, my go "that I realized I'd been holding the string ,completely 33 what I was discovering was a very pleasing pastime.
Like many other 34 of popular culture ,the sport of kite flying in Thailand has been 35 down from generation to generation. Its origins(起源)are 36 probably in ancient China, although it seems likely that Thai kites are as old as the 37 itself. It was a craze 38 by everyone from the king down.
"It's a great tradition (传统),that has the 39 of bringing generations together, "says my friend ,"What you see today at the King's Cup is the 40 as the people of the past would have seen more than two hundred years ago."
21.A.fires B. fights C.