健全社会主义协商民主规章制度 .docx

健全社会主义协商民主制度
thedevelopmentofsocialistconsultativedemocracyinchina
贾庆林jiaqinglin人民民主是我们党始终高扬的光辉旗帜。党的十八大报告明确提出，要坚持走中国特色社会主义政治发展道路和推进政治体制改革。改革开放以来，我们总结发展社会主义民主正反两方面经验，不断推进政治体制改革，社会主义民主政治建设取得重大进展，成功开辟和坚持了中国特色社会主义政治发展道路，为实现最广泛的人民民主确立了正确方向。政治体制改革是我国全面改革的重要组成部分。继续积极稳妥推进政治体制改革，必须坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一，更加注重改进党的领导方式和执政方式，更加注重健全民主制度、丰富民主形式，更加注重发挥法治在国家治理和社会管理中的重要作用，充分发挥社会主义政治制度优越性，积极借鉴人类政治文明有益成果，绝不照搬西方政治制度模式，发展更加广泛、更加充分、更加健全的人民民主。
thecpchasalwaysupheldthegreatbannerofpeople’sdemocracy.thereporttothe18thnationalcongressofthecpcclearlystatesthatweneedtokeeptothesocialistpathofpoliticaladvancementwithchinesecharacteristicsandpromotethecontinuationofpoliticalreforms.sincethelaunchofthereformandopeningupdrive，wehavetakenstockofbothourpositiveandnegativeexperiencesinthedevelopmentofsocialistdemocracy，workedtosteadilypromotepoliticalreform，andmademajorprogressindevelopingsocialistdemocracy.asaresult，wehavebeensuccessfulinforgingandadheringtoasocialistpathofpoliticaladvancementwithchinesecharacteristics，whichhasputusontherightcourseforachievingthemostextensivepossiblepeople’sdemocracyinchina.politicalreformsconstituteanimportantpartofchina’soverallreforms.incontinuingtocarryoutpoliticalreform，weneedtoensuretheunityoftheleadershipoftheparty，thepositionofthepeopleasmastersofthecountry，andtheruleoflaw.weneedtoplacegreateremphasisonenhancingthewaythatthepartyexercisesleadershipandgovernance，onimprovingthesystemsofdemocracy，andondiversifyingtheformsinwhichdemocracyisembodied.weneedtogivegreaterscopetotheimportantrolethattheruleoflawplaysinnationalgovernanceandsocialmanagement.wealsoneedtogivefullplaytothestrengthofthesocialistpoliticalsystemwhilstdrawingonthepoliticalachievementsofothersocieties.however，undernocircumstanceswillweevercopythewesternpoliticalsystem.throughourefforts，wewillmakepeople’sdemocracywiderinscope，fullerinform，andsounderinpractice.坚持中国特色社会主义政治发展道路，一个重要方面就是大力发展社会主义协商民主。十八大报告首次提出“社会主义协商民主是我国人民民主的重要形式”。要求“健全社会主义协商民主制度”，强调“要完善协商民主制度和工作机制，深入进行专题协商、对口协商、界别协商、提案办理协商，积极开展基层民主协商，推进协商民主广泛、多层、制度化发展”。把协商民主正式写进党代会报告，是十八大的重要历史贡献，也是重大理论创新，充分体现了我们党推进人民民主的坚定信心，对于发展中国特色社会主义民主政治具有重要指导作用，对于推动人类政治文明发展必将作出有益贡献。
incommittingtothesocialistpathofpoliticaladvancementwithchinesecharacteristics，itisimportantthatwemakegreatereffortstodevelopsocialistconsultativedemocracy.thereporttothe18thnationalcongressofthecpcstatesthat“socialistconsultativedemocracyisanimportantformofpeople’sdemocracyinourcountry.”itrequiresthatweneedto“improvethesystemofsocialistconsultativedemocracy，”andstressesthatwemust“improveitsinstitutionsandworkmechanisms，”“conductintensiveconsultationsonspecialissueswiththosewhoworkonthoseissues，consultationsonasector-by-sectorbasis，andconsultationsonthehandlingofproposals，”“carryoutdemocraticconsultationatthecommunitylevel，”and“promoteitsextensive，multilevel，andinstitutionalizeddevelopment.”theformalinclusionofconsultativedemocracyinthereporttothe18thnationalcongressofthecpcrepresentsanimportanthistoricalcontributionandamajortheoreticalinnovationofthecommunistpartyofchina.fullydemonstratingthefirmconfidenceofthepartyinpromotingpeople’sdemocracy，itwillplayanimportantguidingroleinoureffortstodevelopsocialistdemocracywithchinesecharacteristics，andwillundoubtedlybenefittheprogressionofpoliticalcivilizationinallsocieties.
一、充分认识社会主义协商民主的重要意义
i.fullyunderstandingthesignificanceofsocialistconsultativedemocracy协商民主是中国共产党和中国人民在社会主义民主形式方面的伟大创造，是对马克思主义民主理论的丰富和发展。社会主义协商民主具有鲜明特点和独特优势，既坚持社会主义制度，又继承和发扬中国优秀政治文化传统；既坚持民主集中制的组织原则和领导制度，又肯定广大人民群众的民主地位；既坚持中国共产党的领导，又发挥各党派团体、各族各界人士的作用。协商民主的重要性和优越性，主要体现在以下三个方面。
consultativedemocracywascreatedbythecpcandthechinesepeopleasaformofsocialistdemocracy.inthissense，consultativedemocracyrepresentsthegrandproductofoureffortstoenrichanddevelopmarxisttheoriesondemocracy.socialistconsultativedemocracyexhibitsdistinctivefeaturesaswellasuniqueadvantages.notonlyrepresentingacommitmenttosocialism，itcarriesforwardchina’sfinepoliticalandculturaltraditions.notonlyrepresentingacommitmenttotheorganizationalprinciplesandleadershipmodeofdemocraticcentralism，italsoaffirmstheroleofthegeneralpublicindemocracy.notonlyrepresentingacommitmenttotheleadershipofthecpc，italsogivesplaytotheroleofallpoliticalpartiesandorganizationsaswellaspeopleofallethnicgroupsandallsectorsofsociety.theimportanceandsuperioritiesofconsultativedemocracyaremainlyembodiedinthefollowingthreeaspects.第一，协商民主是社会主义民主政治独特优势的重要体现。社会主义民主的本质是人民当家作主，协商民主充分体现了社会主义民主的真实性、广泛性、包容性。协商民主以社会主义制度为政治基础，集中反映了广大人民群众的根本利益。协商民主的主体涵盖社会各界、各方面人士，既反映多数人的普遍愿望，又吸纳少数人的合理主张，可以最大程度地实现最广大人民的民主权利。健全社会主义协商民主制度，与我国社会主义制度的本质要求相统一，与人民群众民主意识不断增强的趋势相适应，有助于拓宽有序政治参与渠道，有助于彰显社会主义制度的特点和优势。
first，consultativedemocracyisanimportantmanifestationoftheuniquesuperioritiesofsocialistdemocracy.theessenceofsocialistdemocracyisthatthepeoplearethemastersofthecountry.inthissense，consultativedemocracyfullyembodiestheauthenticity，broadness，andinclusivenessofsocialistdemocracy.takingthesocialistsystemasitsfoundation，consultativedemocracyreflectsthefundamentalinterestsofthegeneralpublic.giventhatitsparticipantscomefromallsectorsofsocietyandallwalksoflife，consultativedemocracyisabletoreflectthegeneralwishesofthemajoritywhilsttakingtherationalclaimsoftheminorityintoaccount.thisallowsforthedemocraticrightsoftheoverwhelmingmajorityofthepeopletoberealizedtothemaximumextent.theimprovementofsocialistconsultativedemocracyfallsinlinewithboththeessenceofchina’ssocialistsystemandthetrendofincreasingdemocraticawarenessamongthepublic.therefore，itisaneffortthatwillnotonlyexpandthechannelsfororderlyparticipationingovernance，butalsodemonstratethefeaturesandsuperioritiesofchina’ssocialistsystem.第二，协商民主是党和政府科学民主决策的重要途径。坚持协商于决策之前和决策执行过程中，是我们党治国理政的重要经验，也是重大决策必须坚持的重要原则。协商民主注重民主的实质，承认利益多样，在平等、宽松的氛围中，对经济社会发展中的重要问题和人民群众关心的热点难点问题进行协商讨论，在协商中深化认识、消除误解、增进理解、形成共识。通过协商，能够广开言路、广集众智、广求良策，把社会各方面分散的意见、愿望和要求进行系统、综合的反映，听到各种真知灼见、各种真招实招，使党和政府决策更加符合实际、顺应民意。
second，consultativedemocracyisanimportantmeansforthepartyandgovernmenttomakescientificanddemocraticdecisions.carryingoutconsultationsbeforepoliciesaremadeandduringthecourseoftheirimplementationisanimportantmethodofgovernanceemployedbythepartyandanimportantprinciplethatmustbeadheredtoinmajorpolicy-makingactivities.consultativedemocracyemphasizesthesubstanceofdemocracyandacknowledgesthediversityofinterests.takingplaceinarelaxedenvironmentthatemphasizesequality，consultationscompriseofdiscussionsonmajorissuesineconomicandsocialdevelopmentanddiscussionsonthemajorconcernsanddifficultiesofthepublic.throughthecourseoftheseconsultations，weareabletodeepenunderstanding，dispelmisunderstandings，promotemutualunderstanding，andreachcommonunderstandings.throughconsultation，weareabletowidelysolicitopinions，poolwisdom，andseekoutthebestwaysofsolvingproblems.consultationallowsustopiecetogetheropinions，wishes，anddemandsfromallwalksoflifeandreflecttheminasystematicandcomprehensiveway.asameansbywhichwecanhearrealvoicesandseekrealsolutions，itenablesthepartyandthegovernmenttomakepolicydecisionsthatconformtorealitiesandthewillofthepeople.第三，协商民主是实现党的领导的重要形式。我们党的领导，一个显著特点就是寓领导于协商之中。协商的过程，既是广泛听取各种不同声音、充分吸收有益意见建议的过程，同时也是让社会各方面了解和接受党的政治主张和路线方针政策的过程。大力发展社会主义协商民主，体现了执政党对人民意愿和人民权利的尊重，有利于密切党与人民群众的联系，推动改进党的领导方式和执政方式，保证党领导人民有效治理国家。
third，consultativedemocracyservesasanimportantformofthecpc’sleadership.aprominentfeatureofthecpc’sleadershipisthefactthatitisexercisedthroughconsultation.consultationisaprocessinwhichthepartyisabletoextensivelyheardifferentvoicesandtakeonboardthevaluableopinionsandadviceofthepeople.itisalsoaprocessinwhichallsectorsofsocietyareabletolearnaboutandacceptthepoliticalviews，lines，principles，andpoliciesoftheparty.inmakingamajorefforttoimproveconsultativedemocracy，thepartyhasdemonstratedtherespectthatithasforthewillandtherightsofthepeople.thiseffortwillbeconducivetostrengtheningthetiesbetweenthepartyandthepeople，promotingimprovementstothewaythatthepartyexercisesleadershipandgovernance，andensuringthatthepartyleadsthepeopleineffectivelygoverningthecountry.
二、认真总结社会主义协商民主的丰富实践
ii.takingstockofrichexperiencesinsocialistconsultativedemocracy
社会主义协商民主的思想和实践在我国有一个历史发展过程。新民主主义革命时期，中国共产党就在同其他党派团体和党外人士团结合作过程中形成了协商民主思想，特别是在“三三制”民主政权建设中有效进行了协商民主实践，这可以说是协商民主的萌芽和雏形。一届政协的成功召开是协商的结果，协商建立中华人民共和国，正式确立中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度，标志着协商民主这种新型民主形式开始在全国范围内实施。根据新中国成立初期的形势和任务，我们党与各民主党派、无党派人士创造了双周座谈会、协商座谈会和最高国务会议等行之有效的协商方式，在恢复和发展国民经济、推动社会主义改造和建设中发挥了积极作用。
socialistconsultativedemocracyhasevolvedinboththeoryandpracticeoverthecourseoftime.intheyearsofthenewdemocraticrevolution，thecpcdevelopedtheideaofconsultativedemocracyinitscooperationwithotherpoliticalpartiesandorganizationsandpublicfigureswithoutpartyaffiliation.inparticular，thepartyeffectivelyemployedconsultativedemocracyintheestablishmentofdemocraticgovernanceonthebasisofthethree-thirdsprinciple，*andthiscanberegardedastheearliestformofconsultativedemocracy.theconveningofthefirstchinesepeople’spoliticalconsultativeconference（cppcc）andthefoundingofthepeople’srepublicofchinaweretheproductsofconsultation.theformalestablishmentofthesystemofmulti-partycooperationandpoliticalconsultationundertheleadershipofthecpcmarkedthenationwideimplementationofconsultativedemocracyasanewformofdemocracy.inconsideringthesituationandthetasksathandintheearlydaysofthepeople’srepublicofchina，thecpcjoinedhandswithallotherpoliticalpartiesandpublicfigureswithoutpartyaffiliationindevelopingvariouseffectiveformsofconsultation，suchasbi-weeklyseminars，consultationseminars，andthesupremestateconference.theseconsultationsplayedapositiveroleintherebuildinganddevelopmentofthenationaleconomyandinthepromotionofsocialisttransformationandconstruction.改革开放以来，我们党就国家重大方针政策和重要事务与社会各界人士广泛协商，已经形成一种制度。江泽民同志在1991年“两会”党员负责人会议上第一次明确指出：“人民通过选举、投票行使权利和人民内部各方面在重大决策之前进行充分协商，尽可能就共同性问题取得一致意见，是我国社会主义民主的两种重要形式。”胡锦涛同志在庆祝中国人民政治协商会议成立60周年大会上的重要讲话，进一步强调了选举和协商这两种民主形式。2005年中央颁布的《关于进一步加强中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度建设的意见》和2006年颁布的《关于加强人民政协工作的意见》，都对政治协商的内容、形式和程序作出明确规范。2011年中办下发的《中共政协全国委员会党组关于贯彻落实情况的报告》正式明确提出“协商民主”。
sincethelaunchofthereformandopeningupdrive，thecpchasdevelopedasystemforextensiveconsultationwithpeoplefromallcornersofsocietyinregardtomajornationalpoliciesandaffairs.atameetingofparty-memberdelegationheadsduringthenationalpeople’scongressandthecppccin1991，jiangzeminclearlystatedforthefirsttimethatchina’ssocialistdemocracyisrealizedthroughtwoforms：oneisthatthepeopleexercisetheirrightsbyparticipatinginelectionsandcastingtheirvotes;andtheotheristhatthepeopleengageinextensiveconsultationsbeforemajordecisionsaremadeinordertoreachconsensusongeneralissues.inhisspeechmarkingthe60thanniversaryofthecppcc，hujintaofurtheremphasizedtheimportanceofelectionsandconsultationasformsofdemocracy.theopinionsonfurtherstrengtheningthedevelopmentofthesystemofmulti-partycooperationandpoliticalconsultationundertheleadershipofthecpc，whichwaspromulgatedbythecpccentralcommitteein2005，andtheopinionsontheimprovementofthecppcc，whichwasissuedin2006，clearlydefinedthecontent，forms，andproceduresofpoliticalconsultations.in2011，thegeneralofficeofthecpccentralcommitteeissuedthereportoftheleadingpartymembers’groupofthenationalcommitteeofthecppccontheimplementationoftheopinionsofthecpccentralcommitteeontheimprovementofthecppcc.thiswasthefirsttimethattheterm“consultativedemocracy”wasusedinanofficialreport.目前，协商民主已经广泛渗透到国家政治社会生活中，呈现广泛、多层、制度化特点，并且在不断丰富和发展。主要有四个层面的协商。一是中国共产党作为执政党，坚持协商于决策之前和决策之中，就经济社会发展中的重大问题在党内外进行广泛协商。特别是加强同民主党派的协商。十六大以来，仅中共中央、国务院及委托有关部门召开的民主协商会、座谈会和情况通报会达197次，就事关国计民生的重大问题充分征求各民主党派、无党派人士的意见建议。二是国家政权机关的立法、决策协商。主要包括人民代表大会的立法协商和政府与社会的协商对话。近年来，越来越多的人大立法实行了开门立法，建立了立法论证听证制度，鼓励公众参与立法，收集立法信息，尽力使各方面的利益和要求都能得到体现和表达，制定出符合公众利益的法律、政策。《物权法》的诞生，就是人大立法践行协商民主的一个范例。随着政府决策民主进程的加快，在全国各地涌现了许多政府与社会协商对话的形式，其中，决策听证会较具代表性。人大立法协商和政府决策协商，是近年来我国协商民主实践的创造性发展。三是人民政协的政治协商。正如报告指出的，这是协商民主的重要渠道。经过60多年的发展，人民政协已形成了比较完备的制度体系、工作方法、实践模式和工作网络，有着深厚的历史基础，产生了广泛的社会影响，为我国协商民主的继续推进积累了宝贵经验。十届全国政协以来，围绕宪法修改、国家经济社会发展中长期规划、政府工作报告等，全国政协组织召开10次专题议政性常委会议、10次专题协商会，中央领导同志参加全体会议分组讨论与政协委员共商国是。四是基层民主协商。主要包括恳谈会、听证会、咨询会等多种形式。比如，浙江XX县区探索创建的“民主恳谈会”制度，从最初主要是农村思想工作载体，逐步转向以民主参与、民主决策、民主监督为核心的乡镇基层政府治理模式。目前全国不少地方都大力推进多种多样的民主协商实践，正在全社会形成一种重视协商、崇尚协商的民主氛围，有效地保障了人民群众的民主权利。
consultativedemocracyhasbecomeamulti-tieredinstitutionthatcanbefoundthroughoutpoliticalandsocialactivitiesinchina.moreover，consultativedemocracyisconstantlybeingenrichedanddeveloped.consultationsaremainlycarriedoutonfourdifferentlevels.first，beingthegoverningparty，thecpciscommittedtoconductingconsultationsbeforeandduringthecourseofmakingmajorpolicydecisions.withregardtomajorissuesoneconomicandsocialdevelopment，thepartyorganizesconsultationsamongpartymembersandnon-partymembers，andgivesparticularemphasistoconsultationswithallotherpoliticalparties.sincethe16thnationalcongressofthecpc，thecpccentralcommittee，thestatecouncil，andentrusteddepartmentshaveheldatotalof197democraticconsultationmeetings，seminars，andbriefingsinordertoseektheopinionsandadviceofotherpoliticalpartiesandpublicfigureswithoutpartyaffiliationonmajorissuesconcerningthewellbeingofthecountry.second，thedepartmentsofstatepowerconductconsultationsduringthecourseoftheirlaw-makinganddecision-makingactivities.theseconsultationsmainlycompriseofconsultationsconductedbythepeople’scongressesonlegislationandconsultationsbetweenthegovernmentandthepublic.inrecentyears，people’scongresseshaveinvolvedthegeneralpublicintheirlegislativeworkinanincreasingnumberofcases.forexle，asystemfortheholdingofpublichearingsbeforelawsarepassedhavebeenestablished，whichhelpstoencouragepublicparticipationinthelegislativeprocess，collectinformationwithregardtolegislation，representandexpresstheinterestsanddemandsofallsides，andformulatelawsandpoliciesthatconformtotheinterestsofthegeneralpublic.theformulationofthepropertylawrepresentsagoodexleoftheimplementationofconsultativedemocracyinthelegislativeactivitiesofpeople’scongresses.asthetrendofdemocraticinvolvementinthepolicy-makingofthegovernmentgathersmomentum，variousmodelsforconsultationsandtalksbetweenthegovernmentandthepublichaveemerged，themosttypicalbeingpublichearingsonproposedpolicies.theholdingofconsultationswithregardtothelegislativeactivitiesofpeople’scongressesandthepolicy-makingactivitiesofthegovernmentrepresentsaninnovationthatwehavemadeinconsultativedemocracyoverrecentyears.third，thecppccconductspoliticalconsultations.thereporttothe18thnationalcongressofthecpcpointsoutthatthecppccservesasanimportantchannelforconsultativedemocracy.followingmorethansixdecadesofefforts，thecppcchasmanagedtodevelopafairlycompletesetofinstitutions，systems，workingmethods，practices，andnetworksforconsultation.bydrawingonitssolidhistoricalfoundations，thecppcchasexertedextensivesocialinfluenceandgainedvaluableexperiencethathaspromotedthedevelopmentofconsultativedemocracyinchina.sincetheconveningofthe10thcppccnationalcommittee，thecppcchasorganizedtenmeetingsofthestandingcommitteeofthecppccnationalcommitteetodiscussparticularpoliticalissues，andtenconsultativemeetingstodiscussparticulartopics.thesemeetingshavecoveredtherevisionoftheconstitution，nationallong-termandmid-termplansforeconomicandsocialdevelopment，andgovernmentreports.moreover，theleader