非谓语讲解.doc

动词不定式
作主语
1.当今掌握一门外语真的很重要。
To master a foreign language is really important nowadays.
2. 放弃吸烟是对的。
To give up smoking is right.
作宾语
1. Fred 没有钱，所以他决定找一份工作。
Fred didn’t have any money, so he decided to look for a job.
2. 他答应不告述任何人这事。
He promised not to tell anyone about it.
作表语
1. 我的工作是教英语。
My job is to teach English.
2. 眼见为实。
To see is to believe.
作定语
1. 你有什么要说的吗?
Do you have anything to say?
2. Betty是第一个知道这真相的人
Betty was the first to know the truth
作状语
He spoke loudly (so as / in order) to be heard.
They jumped with joy to hear the news.
I’m too tired to walk any further tonight.
作宾补
1. 她叫我呆在这儿。
She asked me to stay there.
2.请允许我介绍Mr. White给你们。
Please allow me to introduce Mr. White to you.
A.有些动词后面的不定式不带to，如feel（一感）hear,listen to（二听）make, have, let（三让） see, watch, notice, look at, observe（五看）.
I heard them sing a pop song .
The teacher made me answer the question.
We watched them play football .
B. 动词不定式的否定式只须在to 前加 not.
My father decided not to take up the job.
The teacher told us not to be late again.
C. 带疑问词的动词不定式在to 前加疑问词。
Mr.Lin will teach us how to use the computer.
Can you tell me where to get the book?
D. 作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，动词不定式常常省去to 后面的动词，只保留to 。
A:Would you like to come to my party?
B: Yes , I’d love to ( come to your party).
Mary想用我的自行车，但我叫她别用。
Mary wanted to use my bike, but I asked her not to ( use my bike).
动词不定式的时态
㈠. 一般式( to do ).
1. I opened the door to enter the room.
2. Mr. Smith is going to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.
㈡.进行式( to be doing)
1. I am very glad to be working with you.
2. He pretended to be reading when his mother came in.
㈢.完成式（to have done)
1. I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
2. You seemed to have read the novel written by Mr. Smith.
动词不定式的语态
㈠.主动式( to do / to be doing /to have done)
当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示动作的执行者时.
1. We want to learn English well.
2.Robert is said____abroad, but I didn’t know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B.to study C. made D. to make
㈡.被动式( to be done / to have been done)
当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时.
1. He didn’t like to be laughed at.
2. He claimed ____in the supper market when he was doing shopping yesterday.
A. being badly treated B.treating badly C. to be treated badly D. to have been badly treated.
考题汇集：
1.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier ________ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
2. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ______ in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
3. Charles Babbage is generally considered _____the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
4. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _______ to carry all the way home.
A. much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much
5. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
6. Little Jim would love _____ to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
7.There are five pairs ___,but I’m at a loss which to buy.
A. to be chosen    B. to choose from  C. to choose  D. for choosing
8. ________late the next morning, Bob turned off the alarm.
A. To sleep  B. Sleeping  C. Sleep  D. Having sleep
9. With a lot of difficult problems ________,the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C.to settle D. having settled
10. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role_____in making the earth a better place to live.
A.to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
11. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state run companies are trying ______their products more competitive.
A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made
12. The teacher asked us_______so much noise.
A.don't make B. not make C. not making D. not to make
1. —The light in the office is still on. ---Oh, I forgot .
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. having turned it off D. to turn it off
2. She can’t help ______ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A. to clean B. cleaning C. Cleaned D. being cleaned
3. Not everybody has the ability in public.
A. of speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak
4. Mary is always the first student to answer the teacher’s questions in class.
A. rising B. to rise C. rose D. risen
5.— Mum ,why do you always ask me to eat an egg every day?
--- __enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.
A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting
6.—Would you be so kind us out? ---With pleasure.
A. helping B. in helping C. help D. as to help
7. Wet umbrellas are not allowed into this hotel according to the rule.
A. to be taken B. to take C. taken D. taking
8. Robert is said _______ abroad, but I didn’t know what country he studied in.
A .to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
9. In Australia he made a lot of friends ____a very practical knowledge of English.
A. get B. getting C. to get D. got
10. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
11. We agreed ___ here, but so far she hasn’t turned out yet.
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
12. Paul doesn’t have to be made ________. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
分词复习
I. 现在分词 表示主动；表示动作正在进行；
Doing being done
Having done having been done
1.作表语
相当于形容词的用法
The invention is encouraging.
The news is disappointing.
The painting is amazing.
The exercise is relaxing.

2. 作定语：通常单个现在分词坐定语则放在名次的前面，分词短语则放在名词的后面，又是单个分词也可以放在名词之后，相当于一句定于从句。
She told me an interesting story.
She told me a story that was interesting.

The woman sitting at the desk is our manager.
The woman who was sitting at the desk is our manager.

翻译：
1.那个穿这羊毛开衫的男孩是我的弟弟。
the boy wearing a woolen cardigan is my younger brother.
2. 墙上挂的地图是一幅浦东地图
The map hanging on the wall is a map of Pudong.

Being done:
The bridge that is being built will be the longest one in Shanghai.
The bridge being built will be the longes one in Shanghai.
The problem being discussed at that time proved important.
The problem that was being discussed at that time proved important.
翻译:
正在举行的运动会吸引了许多人.
The sports meeting being held attracted many people.
我们被正在唱的歌深深地打动了
We were deeply moved by the song being sung.

3.作状语: 相当于一个状语从句
w (1.) 作时间状语
w Before I went to bed, I finished my homework.
---- Before going to bed, I finished my homework.

w As soon as I saw her, I rushed over to her.
---- On seeing her, I rushed over to her.

w When I slept, I dreamed of flying.
---- When sleeping, I dreamed of flying.

w While I sat on the bus, I thought about my future.
---- While sitting on the bus, I thought about my future.

When she heard the news, she jumped with joy.
Hearing the news, she jumped with joy.

While we were working in the countryside, we learned a lot from the farmers.
Working in the countryside, we learned a lot from the farmers.

After she washed the clothes, she began to clean the room.
Having washed the clothes, she began to clean the room.

When she had been given another chance, she succeeded.
Having been given another chance, she succeeded.
翻译:
做完了功课后,我就上床睡觉.
Having finished my homework, I went to bed.
(2.)作条件状语
If you work without play, you will become a dull boy.
Working without play, you will become a dull boy.

If you move forward, you will be killed.
Moving forward, you will be killed.

(3.) 做原因状语
Because he is a league member, he often helps others.
Being a league member, he often helps others.

Since she had missed the last train, she had to walk home.
Having missed the last train, she had to walk home.

(4.)作伴随状语
They stood on the playground, and watched a football match.
They stood on the playground, watching a football match.

She sat there, holding a baby in her arms.
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.
几点说明
1 主语一致原则
2 时间状语,条件状语,原因状语相当于一句状语从句;伴随状语相当于一个并列句
3 时间状语,条件状语等可以保留关联词
While working in the countryside, we learned a lot from the farmers.
If working hard, you will succeed.
4 否定句,前加not
Not knowing how to get there, he had to walk home
Not having finished his homework, he was punished by his teacher.
She stood there, not know what to do.

翻译:
1. 不知道该怎样读这个单词,我查了字典.
Not knowing how to pronounce the word, I look it up in the dictionary.
2. 听到铃声,所有人都进了教室.
Hearing the bell , everyone entered the classroom.
3. 如果你在试一次,你一定能成功.
Trying again , you are sure to succeed.
4. 他躺在床上读一本小说.
He lay in bed, reading a novel.

4.作补语
Hear See
Notice Watch
Observe
Exercises:
1.用分词短语改写句子
1). The man who is talking with the students is a scientist.
2). While she was watching TV, she couldn’t help laughing.
3). Because he didn’t remember the word, he showed the picture to the waiter.
4). When I had finished my composition, I went to bed.
5). As you are a student, you should obey the school rules.
6). Because I haven’t met him, I cannot tell you what he is like.

2.改错
1). Hearing the bell, everything was ready for class.
2). The boy followed me does not know the teacher.
3). I am sorry to have kept you waited for me.
4). The novel have been translated into Chinese is really moving.
5). Having graduated from high school, studying in a key university became my ambition.

现在分词和动名词的比较
1.作定语
动名词: 表示所修饰名词的目的和用途
a dancing hall
a dining room
a walking stick
a sleeping bag
现在分词:表示他所修饰的名次所作的动作,相当于一句定于从句
a singing bird
a sleeping baby
a developing country
2.作表语
动名词: 说明主语的内容或情况,具有名词的作用
My job is teaching English.
His hobby is fishing.
现在分词: 说明性质,状态,相当于一个形容词
His speech is encouraging.
The story is moving.

II. 过去分词 done: 表示被动，已完成的动作
1.作表语 相当于形容词的用法
In winter the ground was covered with snow and ice.
She is unmarried.
I am deeply moved by what you have said.
翻译：
1。 昨天在回家的路上，他被大雨了。
He was caught in the heavy rain on his way home.
2。 我对这个消息很吃惊。
I was surprised at the news.

2. 作定语：通常单个过去分词坐定语则放在名次的前面，分词短语则放在名词的后面，又是单个分词也可以放在名词之后，相当于一句定于从句。
His spoken English is very good.
These are the colour TV sets made in Shanghai.
Translation:
1。去年造好的大楼现在是我们的实验室。
The building built last year is now our lab.
2。 他把摔碎的被子藏起来。
He has hidden the broken glass.
3。 我们正漫步在盖满落叶的路上。
We are walking on the road covered with fallen leaves.
3.作状语: 相当于一个状语从句

(1.) 作时间状语
After they were shown around the school, the visitors were led to the dining room.
Shown around the school, the visitors were led to the dining room.
(2.)作条件状语
Considered from this point of view, the policy is important.
Given another chance, I will succeed.
3.) 做原因状语
Moved by his deeds, I decided to work harder.
Raised in America, he can speak English fluently.
Written in a hurry, the composition was full of mistakes.
(4.)作伴随状语
The teacher walked into the office, followed by a few students.
The boy sat under the tree, lost in thought
4.作补语
I usually have my hair cut once a month.
He found his hometown much changed.
I saw the thief caught by the police.
I heard the song sung.
The man found his house broken into last night.
Exercises:
1.用分词短语改写句子
The present which was given to her is expensive.
Because we are led by the Party, we are making great achievements in socialist construction.
Some of them, who were born and brought up in the countryside, had never seen a train.
The concert which was given by the famous musician was a great success.
2.改错
The boy followed me does not know the teacher following by the girl.
Writing in a hurry, the article had a few mistakes.
We watch the plane taken off at the airport.
What made her so frightening?
The novel having been translated into Chinese is moved.

1. 根据括号里的汉语意思用动名词填空:
1)（游泳）is a very enjoyable exercise. (Swimming)
2) His work is (修自行车). (Repairing bicycles)
3) Europeans uses an knife and a fork (吃肉). （for eating meat）
4) We will only succeed by (努力工作）. (working hard)
5) I don' t want to force you into (做违反你愿意做的事情). (doing something against your will)
6) Tom hates (早晨9点以后起床). (getting up before 9 o' clock)
7) I could' t help (迟到). (being late)
8) (等着没用) there won' t be another bus. (It's no use waiting)
9) Are you against (今天开会). (having the meeting today)
10) Instead of (挨批评), she ought to be praised. (being criticized)
2. 用动名词结构将下列句子译成英语:
1）她听见敲门声，停止了工作去开门。
When she heard the knocking at the door, she stopped working to open the door.
2谢谢你给我写信。
Thank you for writing to me.
3）雨停了，太阳开始出来了。
It stopped raining and the sun began to shine.
4）希望你原谅我问了这么多问题。
I hope you will excuse me for having asked all these questions.
5）你要吃点什么，别不好意思说。
If you want something to eat, don’t be shy of saying so.
6）我一向很喜欢在这里工作。
I have always enjoyed working here.
7）我建议再等半个小时。
I suggest waiting for another half an hour.
8）我不得不认为（believe）又一不幸事件将要发生。
I can’t help believing that another unlucky event will happen.
9）我盼望着收到他的信。
I am looking forward to receiving his letters.
10）那辆汽车需要修理。
That car wants fixing up (repairing).
11）我记得我们离开房间之前把灯关上了。
I remember switching off the lights before we left the room.
12）你对早起已经很习惯了。
You are quite used to getting up early.
13）中国球迷们正盼望见到这些足球明星。
Chinese football (soccer) fans are looking forward to seeing the football stars.
14）光线够好的，可以看书。
The light is good enough for reading.
15）作为一个中国人，他感到骄傲。
He is proud of being a Chinese.
16）我善于游泳。
I am good at swimming.
17）他尝试过(try one’s hand at)写一本书。
He has tried his hand at writing a book.
18）我真的记得去年和他见过面。
I do remember meeting him last year.
19）把门打开，让猫出去好吗？(Do you mind…)
Do you mind opening the door to let the cat out?
20）这个电影很值得一看。
This film is well worth seeing.
3. 用动词不定式或动名词填空:
1) He wanted ____ (see) the book I had bought.→ to see
2) Please stop ___ (walk) about the room and sit down.→ walking
3) I called ____ (see) her yesterday but she was out.→  to see
4) In 1969, the United States succeeded in ____ (send) a rocket to the moon and ___ (land) two astronauts on its surface.→ sending; landing
5) We decided ___ (put) off the meeting until Saturday.→ to put
6) Let me ___ (see) what you are doing.→  see
7) When the professor finishes ____ (speak), we will ask him a question.→ speaking
8) He made her ___ (go) alth