Book1_U1_语法.doc

定语从句（1）
一、基本概念
（一） 定语从句
在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
（二） 先行词
被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。
（三）关系代词和关系副词
定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。

二、关系代词的用法
（一）基本用法
根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。
如下表：
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
备注
关系代词
who
人
主语，宾语
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
whom
人
宾语
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.
whose
人，物
定语
I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate.
that
人，物
主语，宾语
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
which
物
主语，宾语
The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as
人，物
主语，宾语
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略

例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分）
① Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语）
② I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主语）
③ The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. （作宾语）
④ This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语）
⑤ The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定语）
注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例③④）

（二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况
which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。
但在有些情况下，只用 that。
⑴ 先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。
例如：
① This is the best that has been used against pollution.
② English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.
⑵ 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。
例如：
① This is the last place (that) I want to visit.
② It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen.
⑶ 先行词是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。
例如：
① You should hand in all that you have.
② We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
⑷ 先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。
例如：
① The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
② The little money (that) he had was stolen.

（三）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况
⑴ 先行词是one, ones, anyone时。
例如：
① One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
② Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it.
⑵先行词是those时。
例如：
① Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.

（四）其它情况
⑴ 先行词既有人又有物时。
例如：
① Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
② The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.
⑵ 主句已有疑问词who 或which时。
例如：
① Which is the bike that you lost?
② Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?

（五）与whose有关的问题
⑴ whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。
例如：
① I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.
② Please show me the book whose cover is red.
⑵ 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。
例如：
① The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.
→ The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或
→ The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.

三、介词前提的问题
关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。
例如：
Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介词with的宾语）
→Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now?
但是，要注意的是：
⑴ 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。
⑵ 介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。
⑶ 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。
例如：
① 错误：Who is the old man to that you were talking to?
正确：Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to?
② 错误：These are the sheep of which the boy took care.
正确：These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.

四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。
例如：
① Who is the guy that is reading over there?
② The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000.
③ All that needs to be done has been done.
④ He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study.
⑤ Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.
例③中的all意为“一切”，作单数。例⑤中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。

that与which, who, whom的用法区别：
情况
用法说明
例句
只用that的情况
1． 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。
2． 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时
3． 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时
4． 先行词既指人又指物时
5． 先行词被the only, the very修饰时
6． 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时
1. He told me everything that he knows.
2. All the books that you offered have been given out.
3. This is the best film that I have ever read.
4. We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.
5. He is the only man that I want to see.
6. Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情况
1． 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人
2． 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。
3． 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。
1. He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.
2. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.
3. Those who respect others are usually respected by others.

二、语法知识拓展
（一）选择适当的关系代词that, which, who, whom或whose，把下列句子补充完整。
1. Rice is a plant ________ is grown in the south.
2. Those _ want to go please sign their names here.
3. All ________ glitters is not gold.
4. This is the only way leads to your success.
5. Both the girl and her dog were crossing the street were hit by a coming car.
6. This is the biggest building ________we have ever built in our school.
7. This is the second school ________ I used to work at, and many students there still have contact with me.
8. There is a mountain ________ top is always covered with snow.
9. You can take any seat ________ is free.
10. Could you tell me from _________ you borrowed this book?

（二）用定语从句合并下列句子
1. The lady is a film star.
You took a photo of the lady yesterday.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What’s the address of the factory?
We noticed the advertisement of the factory the other day.
________________________________________________
3. This is the stadium
He often goes to the stadium on Sundays.
________________________________________________________________________
4. A professor is going to give us a speech this Friday afternoon.
He has been working on environmental protection.
________
5. He hasn’t got enough money.
He can buy a laptop with the money.
________________________________________________________________________

（三）单项填空
1. Who is the woman is sweeping the floor over there?
A. who B / C. that D. when
2. The doctor is leaving for Africa next month.
A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking
C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking
3. He talked about a hero no one had ever heard.
A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who
4. Have you read the book I lent to you?
A. that B. whom C. when D. whose
5. American women usually identify their best friend as someone ______ they can talk frequently.
A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom
6. Recently I bought a second-hand car was very low.
A. which price B. the price of whose C. its price D. whose price
7. Lily, is Helen ______ you want to introduce me to?
A. that B. who C. whom D. the girl
8. The professors talked with us about the beautiful schools and the experienced teachers ______ they had seen.
A. that B. who C. which D. what
9. This is the only bus ______ goes to the village school.
A. / B. that C. where D. it
10. Is there a shop around _______sells China Daily?
A. who B. where C. in which D. which
11. She was the only one of the girls in our class _______ accepted as candidate for the president of our Students’ Union.
A. who was B. who were C. who has been D. who have been
12. She is no longer the sweet little girl ______ she used to be.
A. what B. who C. when D. that
13. Is this singer ______ songs you like best?
A. who’s B. whose C. which D the one whose
14. He got angry with _____ was against his opinion.
A. who B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who
15. Anyone ____with what I said may raise your hand.
A. which agrees B. who agree C. who agrees D. which agree
16. That’s the dog ______.
A. we’ve been looking after B. after which we’ve been looking
C. what we’ve been looking after D. we’ve been taking care for
17. This is the last time __ I’ll give you a lesson.
A. when B. that C. what D. as
18. The family _____ I stayed with in Paris are coming to London.
A. whose B. which C. what D. whom
19. This is the very knife ______ I used to cut apples yesterday.
A. that B. by which C. which D. with which
20. China has many rivers, _____ the Yangtze River is the longest..
A. which B. in which C. among which D. one of which
21. The use they are ______ the waste helps to save a lot of money.
A. made of B. made from C. making up of D. making of
22. That tree, the branches ______ are almost bare, is a very old one.
A. whose B. in which C. of which D. of it
23. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ______ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
24. What is the way Smith thought of ______ enough money to buy the new house?
A. getting B. having got C. being got D. to get
25. Jack spent as much time as he could ______ over his lessons.
A. going B. went C. go D. to go
26. The freezing point is the temperature ______ water changes into ice.

A. at which B. on that C. when D. of which
27. I am impressed by the fact that he makes good use of every minute _____ he can spare.
A. that B. in which C. in that D. when
28. This is the last time ______ I will write to you.
A. when B. that C. what D. as
29. I don’t like the way ______ he spoke to me.
A. what B. by which C. by that D. /
30. The train ______ he was traveling was delayed for more than an hour.
A. by which B. on which C. for which D. on that

（四）改错
1. Is this museum you visited a few days ago?
________________________________________________________________________
2. The girl which is standing next to our teacher is her daughter.
______________________________________________________________________
3. He rushed to help the man his car was trapped in the mud.
______________________________________________________________________
4. All which is need is supply of oil.
______________________________________________________________________
5. This is the best film which I have seen this year.
_____________________________________________________
6. The cake you made it yesterday was very delicious.
______________________________________________________________________
7. Do you know the man wrote the letter?
______________________________________________________________________
8. Who is the great man who saved my boy?
______________________________________________________________________
9. Here are the patients after whom you will look.
______________________________________________________________________
10. This is all the money with that he can buy a Christmas present for his mother.
_________

（五）真题回顾
1. We went through a period _____ communications were very difficult in rural areas. (2008上海)
A. which B. whose C. in which D. with which
2. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _____ they can be controlled on purpose. (2007重庆)
A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which
3. Animals suffered at the hands of Man ______ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people. (2008江西)
A. in which B. for which C. so that D. in that
4. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from ______ their parents speak at home. (2008浙江)
A. what B. that C. which D. one
5. You can only be sure of _____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _____ you might get in the future. (2007安徽)
A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that
6. Women _____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _____ don’t. (2006北京)
A. who, / B. /; who C. who, who D. /; /
7. The Beatles _____ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (2006天津)
A. what B. that C. how D. as
8. In an hour, we can travel to places _____ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. (2006上海)
A. where B. when C. which D. what
9. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction ________ she had come.（ 2006 重庆卷）
A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which
10. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ______ roof is under repair. (2006福建)
A. whose B. which C. of which D. that
11. – Mom, what did your doctor say?
-- He advised me to live ____ the air is fresher. (2006四川)
A. in where B. in which C. the place where D. where
12. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs ______ they are being trained. (2005江西)
A. in that B. for that C. in which D. for which
13. The English play ____ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success. (2004全国)
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
14. George Orwell, ____ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. (2004全国)
A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name
15. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% ________ are sold abroad. (2004辽宁)
A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that

参考答案
（一）选择适当的关系代词that, which, who, whom或whose，把下列句子补充完整。
1. that/which 2. who 3. that 4. that 5. that
6. (that) 7. (that) 8. whose 9. that 10. whom

（二）用定语从句合并下列句子
1. The lady (that/who/whom) you took a photo of yesterday is a film star.
2. What’s the address of the factory whose advert