高考英语作文评分标准详解.doc

高考英语作文评分标准详解 一般来说，写作题的高考评分标准包含评分原则、内容要点、给分范围及要求、说明和参考范文五个部分。其中内容要点以及词数、标点、书写等方面的原则比较容易理解、操控和落实。但“评分时，应该注意的主要内容为应用词汇和语法结构的数量上下文的连贯性和语言的得体性”等评分原则，“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致，具备较强的语言运用能力；有效地使用了语句间的连接成份，使全文结构紧凑”等给分要求、以及“对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分”等说明，相对比较抽象，不易捉摸。一、 如何理解“应用了较多的词汇”这里所说的“词汇”，可以从高级词汇的使用、同义词的使用、短语的使用等方面去理解：（一） 高级词汇的使用评分标准第五档次的要求中提到，“词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”。这里所说的“高级词汇”，指的是大纲中没有列入或没有识记要求，但在实际运用中却出现比较频繁的词汇，比如frustration, awkward, awfully, concern等词，都可以算作是“高级词汇”。考生若能够适当地运用一些高级词汇，定会给评卷老师留下深刻的印象。1. I cant find any way to solve the problem. (换作高级词汇：I cant find any solution to the problem.)2. The pet dog is so lovely that almost everybody likes her. (换作高级词汇：The pet dog is so cute that almost everybody likes her.)3. The question is really difficult to understand. (换作高级词汇：The question is really confusing.)4. He had to face all the possible difficulties. (换作高级词汇：He had to cope with all the possible difficulties)（二） 同义词的使用英语中有些词的使用频率非常高，比如interesting, clever等，在表达时大家都很喜欢用，这样很容易令文章入千人一面的窘境中。但如果我们能够使用它们相应的同义词，就可以做到与众不同，给评卷者带来清新的感觉。例如：1. It will be very interesting. (换作同义词：It will be a lot of fun.)2. He was so clever that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.( 换作同义词：He was so smart that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.)3. Last summer I visited New Jersey with my parents. (换作同义词：Last summer I toured New Jersey with my parents.)（三） 适当利用短语取代单词总体而言，使用短语的难度比单词要大一些，因此适当运用短语更能显出作者的功力。例如：1. Suddenly I had a good idea. (换作短语：Suddenly I came up with a good idea.)2. Take a moment to see what is happening around you. (换作短语：Take a moment to see what is going on around you.)3. Everyone should do his or her best. (换作短语：Everyone is supposed to do his or her best.)二、 如何理解“应用了较多的语法结构”固定句式（如感叹句、复合结构、强调句型等）、定语从句、现在分词短语等都属于较复杂的语法结构。这些结构的正确使用，可以使文章的语言充满层次感，从而较好地反映写作者的语言运用能力。（一） 使用固定句式1. She was robbed of her purse but she had no time to call for help.(使用before one can do sth.结构：She was robbed of her purse before she could call for help.)2. The environment will never improve until everybody takes care of it. (使用倒装结构：Not until everybody takes care of it will the environment improve.)（二） 使用现在分词结构现在分词结构可以表达伴随、原因等状语，因此几乎在任何文章中都可以用得上。现在分词短语可以使句子的表达更加简洁、生动，而且也使前后两个动作的衔接更加紧密。例如：1. Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to another and this bridges the gap among different races or cultures. (换作现在分词短语：Nowadays, we can easily travel from one place to another, thus bridging the gap among different race or cultures.)2. People worked together on the assembly line.(换作现在分词短语：People worked together on the assembly line, moving quickly and efficiently.)（三） 使用定语从句定语从句的使用，不仅能使上下文更加流畅，也同时能充分展示写作者运用较复杂的语法结构的能力。例如：1. My favorite living writer is Roddy Doyle. I think he is a genius. (使用定语从句：My favorite living writer is Roddy Doyle, who I think is a genius.)2. My aunt bought me a book. The title of the book is All about USA. (使用定语从句：My aunt bought me a book, whose title is All about the USA.)三、 如何理解“上下文的连贯性”评分标准指出，书面表达应该注意“上下文的连贯性”，并能“有效地使用语句间的连接成份，使全文结构紧凑”。这里说的连贯性，就是指通过连接词（包括并列连词，从属连词和连接性副词）、非谓语动词短语等语法成分，使两个或多个意义相互关联的事情或观点在同一个句子内得以表达，从而使整个段落或篇章浑然一体，连贯流畅。(一) 连接性副词连接性副词也被称为过渡词。它们的位置一般以句首居多。连接性副词承上启下，能够令读者对后续的句子产生心理上的期待和准备，因此整个篇章会因它们而紧凑连贯。常见的连接性副词有：also, furthermore, in addition, additionally, hopefully, meanwhile, however, instead, in other words, in brief, in a word, in my opinion, on the whole等等。例如：1. We have many things to do. We believe we can finish before the day is over. (使用连接性副词：We have quite a lot to do. Hopefully, we will be able to finish before the day is over.)2. The boy comes from a poor family. The boy does very well in his studies. The boy plans to work his way through college. (使用连接性副词：Even though he comes from a poor family, the boy does very well in his studies; furthermore, he plans to work his way through college.)(二) 使用从属连词常见的从属连词有after, as, when, while, as long as, as soon as等。例如：1. You work hard and never give up. You will succeed in your studies. (使用从属连词：So long as you work hard, you will succeed in your studies.)2. The teacher came in. the students were quiet. (使用从属连词：The students were quiet as soon as the teacher came in.)四、 如何理解“语言的得体性”评分标准要求考生应注意“语言得体性”，就是要求在表达时根据说话的对象、时间、地点、场合等因素来选择使用恰当的英语语言。（一） 体裁和题材对得性的要求不同体裁和题材的文章有不同的用语要求。比如，书面通知中就不适合用“I will tell you a piece of good news.”或“May I have your attention, please?”等句子。这些句子只有在口头通知中才算得体的语句。2003年高考的书面表达要求“你”给一位外国朋友回信，介绍“你”帮他找的一套出租房。相当一部分考生没有理解“你”与说话对象的关系，所以话语中没有给对方提出异议的余地，叙述的方式和口吻上缺乏礼貌性，像“The house is very suitable for you.”等语句显得相当主观，若改为“Do you think it is suitable for you? If not, I will try again.”就比较得体。另外， 英语中还有正式语和非正式语，书面语和口头语之分。写作前，还应该认真分析题目的体裁，根据不同的体裁，确定用语的类别。正式用语或书面语的句子结构严格遵循语法规则，所采用的单词使用频率不是很高，比如：permit, inform, discover, depart等词都属于正式用语；而非正式用语或口头用语则较多地使用短语，所采用的单词使用频率高，也比较短。比如let, tell, find out, leave等等。费正式用语也经常使用简略语或缩略词。（二） 文化和思想内涵对得体性的要求只有了解社会、历史、文化、政治及思维习惯等因素对语言的影响，才能使选词更贴切、更得体。例如：1. People who live on the farm can hear cocks crow every morning. (rooster 和cock 都可表示“公鸡”，但cock通常听起来比较粗鲁，所以应把cock改为rooster才比较妥当。)2. Because he was ill, he had to stay at home yesterday. (本句话想要表达的意思是“因为他病了，所以他不得不呆在家里”。汉语思维中常常是先原因，后结果，而英语则刚好相反。所以句子应该改为：He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.)五、 如何理解“紧扣主题的适当发挥”所谓“紧扣主题的适当发挥”，就是指在合乎情理、合乎规范、力所能及的前提下添加一些要点中没有提及的信息。请看2003年全国高考的一篇优秀考场作文（节选）：I am very pleasant to learn that you will come to China to study Chinese. I have found an apartment for you. The apartment is on the third floor of a six-storeyed building, which is located on a quiet tree-lined streetFangcao Street. It is only one bus stop away from Jianxin Chinese School, where you are planning to study this summer. The apartment has a bedroom, in which there is a comfortable sofa, a desk for office and a single bed. Inside there is a bathroom and a kitchen. The apartment occupies an area of 25 square meters. The rent is 500 yuan per month. I hope that the apartment will meet your expectation.出开头和结尾外， 本文适当发挥的地方有五处（见文中标注），都是稍加扩展又立即收题，而且无一例外都是定语。这些信息的添加，不仅增强了文章的个性，而且使文章内容更加丰富。可见信息的添加不能旁逸斜出或标新立异，否则就会适得其反，突然增加一些出错的机会。六、 评分样例下面以2003年全国高考英语书面表达为例来谈谈高考的评分。题目：假设你是李华，你的英国笔友Bob将于九月到你所在城市的建新华文学校学中文，来信请你在学校附近为他找一套住房。请根据图画提供的信息，写信介绍住房的情况，并告知住房面积为25平方米，月租500元。 参考范文Dear Bob: Im so glad to learn that youre coming in September. Ive found a place for you. Its a small flat of 25 square metres, with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. In the bedroom there is a bed, a sofa, a desk and a chair. The rent is 500 Yuan per month. The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street, which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. Bus No. 11 Can take you straight to the school. In fact, it is only one stop. Do you think youd like it? If not, I can try and find another place for you. Just let me know. Yours, Li Hua例1（本文属于第五档次，可得25分）：Dear Bob, It was great to hear from you and I am very glad you will be coming here to study Chinese. I have done some research for you and found a nice apartment, which is only one bus stop away from your school. It is not that big, only 25 square meters, but I think it is fine for your needs. It consists of a small bathroom, a kitchen and bedroom. The rent is 500 yuan per month. Is this suitable to your budget? If not, please let me know ASAP so I can make further arrangement for you. Looking forward to meeting you.Kind regards,Li Hua点评：本文覆盖了所有内容要点，运用了较多的句子结构和词汇，如If not的省略结构、同位结构、定语从句以及budget, ASAP(as soon as possible), kind regards ,looking forward to 等词汇，语言富于变化。时态运用准确、规范，如“It was great ”,“you will be coming”等，显示了较强的语言运用能力。文中有效地使用了语句间的连接成份，全文结构紧凑，语言得体。如“Is this suitable to your budget?”,恰当地表达了征询的语气。总之，本文个性化色彩浓，雅俗共赏，完全达到了预期的写作目的。例2（本文属于第四档次，可得16分）：Dear Bob, Glad to hear from you, now let me tell you what you want to know. Ive found a house for you. Take a bus to the Fangcao Street, and youll see a building on the right, and your room is on the third floor. I think it is a suitable room for you, which covers 25 square meters. There are a bed room, a kitchen room and a bath room and the kitchen are also pretty good. I hope you would like it !Yours,Li Hua点评：该文基本覆盖文章所有内容要点，但遗漏了一些次重点，如“离学校一站远”等。文章还是能发现一些错误，如There be 结构中be动词的数出现了错误。语言的得体性方面有所欠缺，比如首句过于非正式，第三句祈使句的应用不符合本文的文体。第二段的定语从句的使用也比较牵强。但是，本文应用的语法结构和词汇能满足写作任务的要求，语言表达流畅，并能运用简单的语句间的连接成份，如besides等，使全文结构较紧凑。个别错误也是属于尝试使用较复杂结构所致。例3（本文属于第三档次，可得12分）：Dear Bob, Im writing to tell you something about the house, which you will live in when you learn chinese at Jian Xin Chinese School this September. It is Fang Cao street, near which there is a bus station. It is convenient for you to take the No. 11 bus to the school. The house is very suitable with a bedthroom, a kitchen and a bedroom. In the bedrooms, stand a bed and a desk with a light.Wish you have a good time. And you will be good at Chinese.Yours,Li Hua点评：本文漏掉一些要点，如“面积”、“月租500元”等，但基本上完成了试题规定的任务；有一些词汇拼写错误， 如chinese, Fang Cao street, bedthroom等；也有一些词汇运用错误，如house 和stand 分别应该改为apartment和lie; 还有一些结构运用错误，如Wish you have a good time等。 两个定语从句的使用都比较牵强。最后一个句子也有汉语式英语的嫌疑。 但总体上这些错误没有影响理解。文章中也能应用像convenient, take the bus. 不定式复合结构等词汇和结构。趣闻结构尚连贯。