ChinaDaily国庆赠刊-科技篇.doc

ChinaDaily国庆赠刊-科技篇
【编者按】
Leaders of China have made science and technology the focus of social progress and economic growth. This path has been full of ups and downs and twists and turns. In this issue we will examine the past 6 decades in 4 chapters, as a tribute to the 60th anniversary of the PRC's founding.
科技是社会进步、经济发展的引擎。中国的科技发展离不开历届领导人对这一理念的准确把握。筚路蓝缕60年，漫旅如歌。本期，我们将60年来科技发展轨迹分为4个章节，梳理如下，以飨读者，共庆国庆60周年。

【第一章:灿烂启程】
March towards science. (MaoZD)
向科学进军。(毛)

Inspired by the founding of the PRC in 1949, an estimated 3000 overseas students returned to the Chinese mainland by 1957. Many managed to become the founders and pioneers in China's development of science and technology. The emergence of new industries, especially aviation and rocketry, experienced rapid progress during this time. 
1949年，中华人民共和国成立。新中国的建立激发了大批海外学子的报国心。到1957年，归国的海外学子已有3000多人，他们中的大部分人成为了新中国科技发展的奠基人或开拓者。这一时期，航空和火箭技术等新兴工业部门得到了发展迅速。

>On September 26, 1959, oil was drilled from the first well of the Daqing Oilfield. The date coincided with the 10th anniversary of the PRC's founding, thus the name "Daqing" (big celebration). In 1960, construction of the Daqing Oilfield began in full swing, taking only 3 years to reach an advanced world level. It was dubbed the "Oil machine of the republic".
1959年9月26日，大庆油田第一口油井喷射出石油。时值国庆10周年，所以该油田以"大庆"命名。1960年，大庆油田开始全面开发，三年后建成世界级大油田，享有"共和国加油机"的美誉。

>On October 16, 1964, China successfully launched its first atomic bomb, thus becoming the 5th country to possess the atom bomb, following the US, the former Soviet Union, the UK and France.
1964年10月16日，中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，继美国、苏联、英国、法国之后，成为世界第5个拥有核武装的国家。

>On April 24, 1970, the Chinese-made "Long March I" carrier rocket successfully took the "Dongfanghong I", China's first man-made satellite, into orbit.
1970年4月24日，中国自主研制的"长征一号"火箭成功地发射了中国第一颗人造地球卫星"东方红一号"。

>In 1964, Yuan Longping started his research of hybrid rice. After 12 years' hard work, he brought forward the 3rd hybrid paddy field and was branded the "Father of Hybrid Rice." Thanks to his achievement, the planet is able to produce extra quantities of rice for mass consumption. (See photo).
1964年，袁隆平开始致力于杂交水稻的研究。经过12年的努力，成功培育出了"三系杂交稻"，被誉为"杂交水稻之父"。袁隆平成就卓著，粮食产量的增长，解决了世界人口的吃饭问题。(见图)

【第二章:一芽知春】
Science and technology are the primary productive forces. (Deng XP)
科学技术是第一生产力。(邓)

Following the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in December 1978, China entered a new period of reform and opening-up, thus heralding the expansion of science and technology. The concept of science and technology being primary productive forces took root and the social status of scientists and engineers in China saw tremendous change.
1978年12月，中国共产党十一届三中全会召开，标志着中国进入了改革开放新时期，也真正迎来了科学的春天。科技作为"第一生产力"的理念深入人心。科技工作者的社会地位发生重大改变。

>On December 22, 1983, China successfully produced its first super-computer, Galaxy I, capable of over 100m operations per second.
1983年12月22日，中国第一台每秒运算1亿次以上的巨型计算机——"银河I型"研制成功。

>On September 20, 1987, China successfully sent out its first email to Germany at 8:55 pm. The email title was "Across the Great Wall we can reach every corner in the world".
1987年9月20日晚8点55分，我国向德国成功发出第1封电子邮件，邮件标题为"越过长城，走向世界"。

>On September 7, 1988, the first generation of polar orbiting meteorological satellites, the FY-1 series, was launched successfully into orbit.
1988年9月7日，我国首次成功发射试验型气象卫星"风云一号"。

【第三章:新绿方浓】
Rejuvenate China with science and education. (Jiang ZM)
科教兴国。 (江)

The strategy of "rejuvenating China through science and technology" came up at a national conference in 1995, and represented the 3rd milestone in China's technological development. The government started to pour bigger sums of money into the relevant fields and large scientific projects were established with the government's help. The application of more sophisticated technology also began to influence almost every aspect of people's lives.
1995年召开的全国科学技术大会及"科教兴国"战略的提出，成为中国科技事业发展进程中第三个重要的里程碑。这一时期，政府加大了对科技领域的投资，一批有影响的重大科学工程应运而生，更复杂的科技应用开始渗透到社会生活的方方面面。

>Scientists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences manipulated atoms to "write" the word "China" in characters in 1993, marking the country's leapfrog towards becoming one of the world's leaders in nanotechnology. 
1993年，中国科学院操纵原子成功写出"中国"二字，标志着中国开始在国际纳米科技领域占有一席之地。

>The Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest electricity-generating plant, began construction on December 14, 1994. As of April 2009, the dam has generated 300 TWh of electricity.
1994年12月14日，举世瞩目的长江三峡水利枢纽工程正式开工。作为全球最大的电厂，截至2009年4月，三峡工程累计发电达3000亿千瓦时。

>Shenzhou 5, China's first human spaceflight mission, was launched into space carrying astronaut Yang Liwei on October 15, 2003, making China the 3rd country to independently launch a person into space. Yang received the title of "Space Hero" from Jiang ZM on November 7.
2003年10月15日，中国第一艘载人飞船"神舟五号"成功发射，标志着中国成为世界上第3个独立掌握载人航天技术的国家。11月7日，江授予"神舟五号"宇航员杨利伟"航天英雄"称号。

【第四章:鸾舞未来】
A country that takes the upper hand in scientific know-how and technological innovation has the developmental initiative. (Hu JT)
当今时代，谁在知识和科技创新方面占据优势，谁就能够在发展上掌握主动。(胡)

In 2005, China's technological development entered a new era, as President Hu Jintao proposed to build a more innovation-oriented country. Instead of solely imitating developed countries, China started its own technological renovation and strove to forge ahead to the world forefront. 
2005年至今，以胡锦涛提出要建设创新型国家为标志，中国科技事业开始了又一个发展新时期。从模仿追踪走向自主创新，与世界科技发展前沿接轨。

>Chang'e 1, the first Chinese lunar-orbiting spacecraft, was launched on October 24, 2007 and ended its 16-month mission with a controlled crash onto the moon on March 1, 2009.
2007年10月24日，中国首颗绕月人造卫星"嫦娥一号"发射升空。2009年3月1日，"嫦娥一号"卫星在控制下成功撞击月球。

>About 16000 fireworks shone through the night at the Beijing Olympics opening ceremony on August 8, 2008. The track of every single firework was manipulated by computer, which also controlled the time when the fireworks rose, reached their peak and then burnt out. (See photo)
2008年8月8日，北京奥运会鸟巢拉开帷幕，16000枚烟花在鸟巢上空斗艳。每枚烟花火星的轨迹，何时腾空，何时升至制高点，何时燃尽，均由电脑控制。(见图)

>The Shenzhou 7 spacecraft, the 3rd human spaceflight mission of the Chinese space program carrying 3 crew members - Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng - was launched on September 25, 2008. Two days later, Zhai Zhigang conducted a 20-minute space walk, the first ever for a Chinese astronaut.
2008年9月25日，中国第三艘载人飞船"神舟七号"成功发射，三名航天员翟志刚、刘伯明、景海鹏顺利升空。27日，翟志刚出舱行走20分钟，实现首次中国宇航员太空行走。

>China officially awarded licenses for third generation (3G) mobile networks to China Mobile, China Unicom and China Telecom in 2009, paving the way for the expansion of 3G services in China.
2009年，工业和信息化部为中国移动、中国电信和中国联通发放3张第三代移动通信(3G)牌照，中国正式进入3G时代。