“中国非物质文化遗产丛书”重点品种内容简介.doc

中国有非常丰富的人类非物质文化遗产，随着中国经济和建设的发展，大量的非物质文化遗产面临消失。所以，近年来中国各级政府整理和保护非物质文化遗产的力度也在迅速加大，经中国政府公布的非物质文化遗产已经达500多项。2009年9月，联合国教科文组织保护非物质文化遗产政府间委员会第四次会议30日在阿布扎比审议并批准了列入《人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录》的76个项目，其中包括中国申报的22个项目。列入名录的22个中国项目是：中国蚕桑丝织技艺、福建南音、南京云锦、安徽宣纸、贵州侗族大歌、广东粤剧、《格萨尔》史诗、浙江龙泉青瓷、青海热贡艺术、藏戏、新疆《玛纳斯》、蒙古族呼麦、甘肃花儿、西安鼓乐、朝鲜族农乐舞、书法、篆刻、剪纸、雕版印刷、传统木结构营造技艺、端午节、妈祖信俗。
There are rich immaterial cultural heritage of mankind in China. While with the development of China’s economics and construction, a large number of immaterial cultural heritage are facing the danger of vanishing. So in recent years, Chinese governments at all levels enhance the protection. The immaterial cultural heritage announced by the government has already reached more than 500.
On 30th September 2009, the fourth meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee for the protection of the immaterial cultural heritage of UNESCO considered and approved 76 projects in Abu Dhabi, including 22 projects of China: China’s mulberry silk art, Fujian Nanyin, Nanjing brocade, Anhui Xuan paper, The Dong Chorus, Guangdong opera, Gesar Epic, Zhejiang Longquan celadon, Qinghai Regong Art, Tibetan opera, Xinjiang Manas, the Mongolian Humai, Gansu Huaer, Xi'an drum music farming dancing of Chaoxian nationality, calligraphy, seal cutting, paper cutting, engraving printing, the traditional wooden structure skill, Dragon Boating Festival, Mazu Folklore.
Anshun Local Drama（安顺地戏）
安顺地戏，俗称“跳神”，是流行于贵州省安顺市的地方戏。春节期间，在村前寨后，田间地头，地戏演员们额顶面具，面蒙青纱，背扎靠旗，在高亢的唱腔和锣鼓声中挥动兵器，格斗起舞，表演自己喜欢的古代战争故事。地戏是屯堡人钟爱的一种充满人性和神性的古朴、原始的民间戏剧，是一个打造在屯堡人精神文化生活主体上的美丽烙印。在斗转星移的漫长六百年中，它为丰富农村文化，支撑屯堡人离乡背井的怀旧心态和寻求生存的精神依托上起过积极的作用。而今天，地戏却以民间艺术顽强的艺术内聚力和板结性，为中国戏剧发展史提供了寻径探幽的活材料，因而被誉为“中国戏剧活化石”。
本书介绍了安顺地戏的源流、风格特征、表演中的祭祀仪式及赴外村演出的全套规仪，将地戏的精神价值和民俗文化价值展露无遗。大量原材料和图片的引用，也将安顺地戏的特殊性和文化性展示得栩栩如生，引人入胜。
Anshun local drama, also known as Tiaoshen (dancing to the god), is popular in Anshun, Anhui Province. In Chinese spring festival, you can see players of Anshun local drama wearing masks and muslins, fighting, dancing, waving weapons, performing their favorite ancient war stories in the high-pitched singing and drum music everywhere in the local village. Anshun local drama is a kind of folk primitive performance full of humanity and worship for god, exerting great impact on the spiritual aspects of the local people. During the past 600 years, it has played a significant role in enriching people's life and comforting and supporting the local people spiritually. Today, Anshun local drama is renowned as “living fossil of Chinese drama” for it provides abundant resources for research on development of Chinese drama.
The author explained the origin, style, characteristics and performance on sacrificing ceremonies of Anshun local drama, fully demonstrating its spiritual and cultural values. Abundant raw materials including pictures, historical recordings, etc also render the uniqueness and cultural characteristics of the dramas vividly.
Tibetan Opera（藏戏）
藏戏的产生早于京剧，至今已有六百多年的历史。藏戏不仅仅流行于西藏地区，而且同样为居住在甘肃、青海、四川、云南的藏族人所喜爱。据说藏戏源于“跳神”这种讲述神鬼故事的宗教舞蹈。作为藏族节日的一个部分，藏戏经常在雪顿节、藏历新年、望果节演出。因而，大团圆、雅俗共赏是藏戏的特点。鉴于藏戏悠久的历史，至今仍戴着面具演出使其变得非常奇特，同时面具也拥有它自身独特的艺术价值。这些奇特的面具是用来塑造人物形象，表现人物性格的。藏戏已经在日本、美国、意大利、西班牙、葡萄牙等国演出过，获得了“中国戏剧艺术瑰宝”的美誉。
本书包含了六个部分的内容，主要介绍了藏戏的历史、文化表现、艺术特色、人文价值、藏戏表演艺术家、藏戏的影响及保护，全面展现了藏戏的风貌。
Tibetan Opera has over 600-year-history. That is longer than the history of Peking Opera. Tibetan Opera is not just popular in Tibet but also in Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan provinces where people speak Tibetan. Tibetan Opera, a kind of dance used to express stories of Gods and ghosts, was originated from Tiaoshen. As an important part of Tibetan festivals, Tibetan Opera is often performed during the Shoton Festival, Tibetan New Year and the Ongkor Festival. It could suit both refined and popular tastes with a happy ending. Traditions of wearing masks are still adopted today, adding mystery and uniqueness in art value to Tibetan Opera. These masks are used to create art images and represent individuality among people. Tibetan Opera has been played in Japan, America, Italy, Spain and Portugal, earning the reputation as treasure of Chinese Operas.
This book covers six aspects of Tibetan Opera, namely, history, cultural manifestation, artistic characteristic, human value, artists, influence and protection work, rendering readers a good view of Tibetan Opera.
Sichuan Opera（川剧）
大约在清代的康雍年间，一个以高腔为标志性声腔的地方剧种，随着四川人口和文化结构的变化，在巴蜀大地上应用而生，并逐步融昆腔、胡琴、弹戏及灯调于一体，覆盖四川、重庆全境及云南、贵州、湖北部分地区。这种剧种，就是被列为国家级非物质文化遗产的川剧。数百年间，这一剧种承中华戏曲之传统，融巴蜀艺术之精华，自成一格，以南北一体、五腔兼备、文野交融、雅俗共赏的文化特征，在戏曲史上被誉为集戏曲文化之大成的地方剧种，成为中华梨园中一枝别具异彩的艺术奇葩。川剧源远流长，海纳百川，传统深厚，具有丰富而深邃的文化意蕴。她不仅是传统文化思想的传承载体，而且是历代社会生活的艺术再现，更是巴蜀民俗风情的生动写照，因而川剧具有多方面的保护价值。
本书作者不仅从历史角度考察了川剧的流变，而且从艺术角度对川剧艺术做了多方面的解读。
With the transformation of Sichuan population and cultural structure, a local opera featuring high tune came into being in Sichuan Province during the regime of Kangxi and Qianlong emperors in Qing Dynasty. This local opera including Kun tune, urheen, Tanxi and Dengdiao gradually gained popularity throughout Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou and Hubei provinces. This local opera is Sichuan opera, which is listed among national nonmaterial cultural heritage. During the past hundreds of years, Sichuan opera embraced Chinese opera tradition and the essence of Bashu arts. Sichuan opera contains both crudeness and refinement, suiting both refined and popular tastes, and is noted for its fusion of south and north styles as well as embracement of five singing tunes. Sichuan opera has absorbed the great achievements of other operas and became an outstanding and extraordinary treasure of Chinese operas. Sichuan opera has a rich and profound cultural implication with its long history and inclusive development. It not only conveys Chinese culture, but also reproduces social life and folk customs of ancestors. As a consequence, Sichuan opera is worth to be protected.
The author introduces the reformation of Sichuan opera from the view of history and describes arts of Sichuan opera from diverse aspects.
Te-hua Porcelain（德化瓷）
德化位于福建省中部，是泉州市西南部的一个山区小县。这里丰茂的山林和质地优良的瓷土矿藏造就了享誉世界的德化瓷。据民间传说德化瓷于宋朝开始烧制。近年来考古发现，德化窑始烧年代为商周时期。德化瓷以烧制白釉瓷器闻名于世，白瓷洁白如玉，透光度好，釉面晶莹光亮，被誉为“中国白”。唐代之前，德化陶瓷以生产日用器具为主，产品供本地民众日常所需。宋元时期，凭借泉州港日益兴盛的海外贸易，德化瓷开始大量销往“海上丝绸之路”沿途各个国家和地区。德化瓷作为古代中国南方外销瓷生产的大窑场之一，在古代中国与世界各国的文化互动中起到过很大的作用。2006年“德化瓷烧制工艺”被国务院公布为第一批国家级非物质文化遗产。
本书主要讲解了德化瓷制作工艺、德化瓷艺术鉴赏、德化瓷文化的传播、德化瓷文化的民情风俗及德化瓷烧制技艺的传承与保护，是一本既适合普通阅读，又具有学术价值的书。
Located in the middle of Fujian province, Te-hua is a small county in the southwest of Quanzhou. The lush forest and fine quality porcelain clay make Te-hua porcelain very famous. It is said that Te-hua porcelain began in Song dynasty, but it was found to be started in Shang and Zhou periods based on the new archeological findings. The most famous type of Te-hua porcelain is its ceramic white ware. The ceramic white ware is as white as polished jade, and its appearance is crystal. It has won the good reputation as “Chinese white”. Before Tang Dynasty, Te-hua porcelain was mainly for local people of everyday use. With the development of Port of Quanzhou during Song and Yuan Dynasties, Te-hua porcelain started to be sold to the countries along the famous “Maritime Silk Road”. As one of the largest exporting kilns in South China, Te-hua porcelain had a large significance in cultural interaction between ancient China and other countries. Te-hua porcelain has been listed among the first batch of national nonmaterial cultural heritage in 2006 by State Council.
This book mainly introduces craftsmanship, artistic appreciation, cultural dissemination, folk tradition, protection and the succession of Te-hua porcelain, suiting for general reading and academic study.
Guanzhong Shadow Play（关中皮影）
中国皮影戏作为一种民间艺术，拥有悠久的历史，曾在中国29个省市流行。皮影戏有点像电影，因为它也需要屏幕、演员。但是皮影戏又有它的独特性。皮影所需要的演员是用牛皮制作的皮影人形，这些人形由一个人控制着，并用光将它们反射到幕布上，观众坐在另一侧欣赏演出。在这些皮影表演的同时，会加入乐器的演奏和戏剧的唱腔。据说中国的皮影戏是世界电影最早的雏形，同时也是现代电影的基础。
毫无疑问关中皮影是中国皮影的代表。关中皮影流行于陕西 、甘肃地区，经常在庙会、婚礼、生日、葬礼等场合演出。皮影是用来娱神驱邪的，人们希望通过皮影戏的演出来获得神的保佑。尽管皮影戏是演给神看的，实际上人才是真正享受这种艺术的。皮影戏一般在农闲时节演出，农民在皮影戏的演出中获得休息与丰收的希望。一般皮影戏的剧目是中国历史故事和神话故事，因而皮影戏是非常热闹的，一开场就能吸引大量观众。这些年，皮影人形以其的精致与逼真成为了收藏品。皮影戏与皮影人形都是中国文化的一部分，深受国外人的喜爱。
As a form of Folk art, Chinese shadow play has a long history and was once popular in 29 provinces. Chinese shadow play is somewhat like film which also needs screen, “actor”, “actress”, but shadow play has its own unique feature that makes it different from film. The “actors”, “actresses” in a shadow play are not real persons but figures made of cow leather. Being controlled by someone these figures are reflected on the screen. Audiences watch the play on the other side of the screen. When the play goes on, someone plays the instrument and someone sings the opera. It is said that Chinese shadow play is the earliest form of film and is the basis of the original film.
There is no doubt that Guanzhong shadow play is the very representative of Chinese shadow play. Popular with the people in the Shanxi province and Gansu province, Guanzhong shadow play is still performed during the temple fairs, wedding ceremony, birth and funeral ceremonies, etc. Entertaining gods is the purpose of shadow play which will make gods pleased with the people who pay for the play and will bless them for peace, wealth, health and happiness. Although the play is for gods, the real one who enjoys the play is actually the audience. The plays are usually performed during the slack season, while peasants are in a break and wishing for the harvest. The content of the play is usually about Chinese historical stories and myths, so the shadow play is very lively and once started it will attract lots of people. These years shadow figures is becoming a kind of delicate and vivid collection. Both shadow play and shadow figures are a part of Chinese culture and are also loved by foreigners.
Sizhu-Traditional Stringed and Woodwind Instruments in South China（江南丝竹）
江南丝竹是指流行于中国江苏南部、上海、浙江西部一带的器乐曲。由于乐队以丝弦和竹管乐器为主，所以称为丝竹乐，至少在清代1860年以前已流行于民间。在这些地区的城市和农村都很流行丝竹乐，但风格完全不同。城市丝竹乐的风格典雅华丽，加花较多，流传很广；而农村则常用锣鼓，气氛热烈，风格简朴。江南丝竹的最大特点之一，就是演奏风格精细，乐曲多来自于民间婚丧喜庆和庙会活动的风俗音乐，有的是长期流传于民间的古典曲牌。其中著名的江南丝竹八大曲显尽江南秀美柔婉之风，富有情韵。江南丝竹音乐的产生和延续，对民族音乐史的研究及戏曲、民俗文化、群众文化的发展都有重要的作用。江南丝竹是江南水乡文化杰出的代表之一。
本书把江南的风俗民情、文化底蕴与丝竹的音韵之美、艺术风韵结合在一起，让读者如同置身于烟雨朦胧的江南水乡，听着悠长深远的丝竹乐，细细地品味江南特有的风情。

Sizhu, the traditional stringed and woodwind instruments, enjoyed a great popularity in southern Jiangsu province, Shanghai and eastern Zhejiang province in China. Styles of Sizhu music varied in rural area and urban area. The style of Sizhu music in the urban area was elegant and gorgeous while that in the rural was simple and enthusiastic. Sizhu music was noted for its exquisite performance style. Its music mainly originated from folk music played in the temple fair performance or traditional activities such as wedding, funeral ceremonies, and some songs transformed from classical folk tunes. With unique vitality, the famous top eight songs of Sizhu vividly embodied the temperate and gentle beauty of South China. The Sizhu music is an excellent representative of culture of ancient town in the southern Yangtze River area. The origin and spread of Sizhu music in South China contributes greatly to the research and development of drama, theatre and folk culture.
The author combined the folk customs, cultural background of South China with the artistic beauty and musical charm of Sizhu, rendering idyllic scenery of watery town with misty rain in South China. One can listen to the exquisite Sizhu music and in the meanwhile appreciate the unique charm of South China.
Hakka Folk Song（客家山歌）
客家山歌是中国著名的民歌之一，用客家方言演唱，主要流传于广东、广西、江西、湖南、四川和台湾等客家人聚居的地方。客家山歌起源于唐代，至今已有一千多年的历史。经过不断地发展，吸引了世人的目光。
客家山歌是客家文化艺术的瑰宝，也是中国艺术宝库中一颗璀璨的明珠。作为民歌中较为浓情、放达的歌种，客家山歌继承了《诗经》三百篇的风格，具有鲜明的主题和地方特色，表现了浓郁的乡土生活气息。其广泛的内容和生动的语言构成了独具特色的客家文化生态。
《客家山歌》一书的作者引用大量山歌来还原客家民间的话语方式。通过此书，你可以体味到客家山歌浓烈的情思和丰富的想象力，可以领略到其鲜明的人物形象和清新的艺术境界，更可以感受到客家山歌毫无虚饰的抒情方式和娴熟的比兴手段。这是客家人音乐、心声、感情和生活的生动记录，是客家人美好愿望的真实体现。
Hakka folk song is a type of Chinese folk songs. It is popular mainly in Guangdong, Jiangxi and Taiwan province. Sang with hakka dialect, it is referred to as hakka folk song. It originated from Tang dynasty, and now has more than one-thousand-year history. As it develops continuously, hakka folk song now attracts attention all over the world.
Hakka folk song is an art treasure in the hakka cultures and also a bright pearl in Chinese art treasures. As a deep affection and unconventional folk song, it inherits the type of The Book of Odes. Its distinctive themes and local characteristics also make it rich in full-bodied local life breath. Furthermore, it has many special features and its extensive content and vivid language constitute the unique hakka folk cultural ecology.
The authors of this book cite a plenty of hakka folk materials to restore hakka folk discourse pattern. Readers can taste the hakka folk song’s intense feeling and have rich imaginations through this book. While feeling the vivid images and fresh prospect, readers can experience the unique lyrical ways and narrative techniques. It’s the record of hakka people’s songs, voice, emotions and life, and it’s a true reflection of wonderful dreams.
Kunqu（昆曲）
昆曲是中国现存最古老的剧种之一，它在艺术、文学、历史方面都有着无可替代的价值。它起源于元朝末年江苏昆山地区，至今已有六百多年的历史。昆曲的表演有它独特的体系和风格，最大的特点是抒情性强、动作细腻，歌唱与舞蹈结合得巧妙而和谐。该剧种已于2001年5月18日被联合国教科文组织命名为“人类口述遗产和非物质遗产代表作”。
作为中华文化的代表，昆曲的影响广泛而深远，反映了中国戏剧的鲜明特征。本书图文并茂，从昆曲的历史行程、文学样式、艺术风貌和文化内涵出发，讲述昆曲究竟在哪些地方体现出中国传统文化的精髓；讲述那些经典的剧作作为古代历史的生动记录又是如何反映中国古代各阶层的社会生活的；讲述其作为历史文化遗产，在当代的生存现状又如何。本书将带你进入昆曲的文化殿堂，全面感受中国古老的文学、音乐、舞蹈风貌。
Kunqu opera is one of the oldest Chinese opera which has irreplaceable value in art, literature and history. It originated from the late Yuan dynasty in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province and has a history more than 600 years. Kunqu opera performance has its unique style. The emotion expression is obvious and the movement is exquisite. Its lyrical sing and dance figure are combined with each other skillfully and harmoniously. On May 18th, 2001, Kunqu was named as "oral and non-material heritage masterpiece" by UNESCO.
As the representative of Chinese culture, the influence of Kunqu opera, which reflects the characteristics of national theater, is deep and lasting. This book covers the historical journey, literary style, artistic style and culture connotation of the Kunqu opera. The pictures and accompanying essays are both excellent. Readers can discover in the book about the exact aspects that shows Kunqu as one of the essence of Chinese traditional culture and knows how the classic masterpiece of Kunqu play script reflects the ancient strata of social life. This book will bring you into the Kunqu cultural palace to experience the ancient Chinese literature, music and dance.
Muqam（木卡姆）
木卡姆是一个阿拉伯词，这个词拥有大量的解释，诸如位置、规则、旋律等等。事实上，木卡姆是一种音乐现象，存在于中亚、南亚、西亚和北非。木卡姆同样在中国的新疆地区流行，我们称其为维吾尔木卡姆。十二木卡姆包含了十二支套曲，是维吾尔木卡姆的代表。十二木卡姆是维吾尔民族智慧的结晶，她不仅仅是一种音乐现象，而且已经形成了一种民间文化形式，获得了她自身与社会的价值。联合国教科文组织将其列入为“世界口头与非物质文化遗产”。
正如我们所熟知的，维吾尔