第10讲非谓语动词.doc

第10讲 非谓语动词（要点透析）非谓语动词 非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(ing)、现在分词(ing)与过去分词(ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。所以，要正确使用非谓语形式，一定要充分理解不同形式所表现的意义，要明确非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是“主动”还是“被动(或状态)”，所表示的动作是“过去”、“现在”还是“将来”，以及和谓语动词所表示的动作是同步发生还是有先后之分。 形式对比项目动词不定式(to do)动名词(doing)现在分词(doing)过去分词(done)意义相当于名词、形容词、副词，往往有将来意味相当于名词，指经常性、习惯性的动作相当于形容词、副词，往往有现在意味相当于形容词、副词，本身兼有被动、完成意义充当句子成分主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语主语、宾语、表语、定语表语、宾补、定语、状语表语、宾补、定语、状语形式主动一般式 to do doingdoingdone被动式 to be done being donebeing done无主动完成式 to have done having donehaving done无被动完成式to have been done having been donehaving been done无否定式在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加not 一、不定式和动名词作主语1. 动名词作主语常用以下句型：It isno use/gooddoing sth. 而不定式作主语常用it作形式主语。It was no use sending him to a hospital.Its very hard to learn an art.2. 当动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格，不可以用人称代词主格和宾格，也不可以用名词的普通格。His coming here will be a great help. (不可用He和Him)Jacks suddenly disappearing made them worried. (不可用Jack)3for/of sb. to do sth.中for或of无意义。如果介词后的名词或代词与其前面的形容词存在逻辑上的主系表关系，则该介词用of，反之，则须用for。在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel，selfish, wicked, wrong等后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。I found it impossible for him to do the job alone. It was wise of him to do that.二、不定式和动名词作宾语1. 动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，带逻辑主语的既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格。Do you mind my/me reading your paper? She doesnt like Mary /Marys talking that way. 2. 常见的带不定式作宾语的动词如下：(利用口诀进行记忆。事实上，口诀内的动词后跟动词不定式几乎都有将来意味。)想要干 want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, claim, would like/love, desire, swear 早打算 plan, prepare, mean, arrange同意否 agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse, afford问问看 ask, beg, (ask to do 要求做)决定了 decide, determine, make up ones mind, be determined尽力干 try, manage(反义词fail), struggle, strive努力做 care 别装蒜 pretend3. 介词以及少数动词(“动词不定式口诀”以外的动词)和词组后只能用动名词作宾语： admit，dislike，appreciate，avoid，enjoy，bear(忍受)，envy，cant help(不禁)，delay，escape, cant stand(受不了)，deny，excuse(借口)，consider(考虑)，fancy，mind，miss(错过)，mention, finish，pardon，resist，forgive，imagine，risk，practise，suggest(建议)，keep，quit，put off, give up, feel like, be worth, set about, burst out, be/get/become used to(习惯于), look forward to, pay attention to, devoteto, lead to, stick to, get close to, object to, contribute to, get down to, be equal to(能胜任), turn to(求助于)等。 I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.He used to be late for work, but now he has been used to getting up early.4. 动词advise/allow/permit/forbid后可跟doing，也可跟sb. to do。You would be well advised to stay indoors.The teacher advised taking a different approach.5. need, require, want作“需要”解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动式作宾语，表示某事需要被做。be worth后须用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing/to be removed immediately.6. 有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别，如forget, stop, remember, regret, try, mean, go on, propose等。try to do努力、企图做 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 mean to do打算，有意要 mean doing意味着 go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情) go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情) propose to do 打算(要做某事) propose doing建议(做某事)like /love/hate/ prefer to do 表示具体行为；doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念，如果这几个动词前有should/would，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。Dont you remember seeing the man before? You must remember to leave tomorrow. I should like to see him tomorrow.7. 固定句型1)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性) There is no use crying over spilt milk.2)have difficulty /trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun (in) doing He had a good time in travelling abroad this summer vacation.3)spend/waste/lose time (in) doing sth. They cant lose time playing computer games as usual.4)There is no doing“不可能” There is no telling what he is going to do.5)prevent/stop/keep sb./sth. from doing阻止做Nothing can stop him from realizing his dream.【疑难点击】1. do/did/doesnothing/anything/everythingbut(except)动词原形，如果谓语动词不是do/did/does，所跟的不定式须带to。Last night I did nothing but watch TV.The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.2. can not (help/choose) but do，can do nothing but do，have no choice/alternative to do表示“不得不”。 When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. 3. 作动词expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等的宾语时，通常用there to be结构，在mind, object to等后面用there being。作状语多用there being结构。We dont want there to be any comrades lagging behind.I dont mind there being a chair here. There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself.4. 为避免重复，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse, tell, know, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时，常出现单独使用的to，而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been时，要保留这些词。John didnt pass his driving test, but I expected him to. Hasnt he finished writing the report? No, but he ought to have. Arent you the headmaster? No, and I dont want to be.三、不定式、动名词和分词作表语1不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 What I would suggest is to start work at once.His hobby is collecting stamps.2. 表心理状态的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等形容词化分词作表语时，表示“令人的”；interested, excited, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised等表示“感到”，也可用修饰体现内心感受的look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名词作主语。Travelling is interesting but tiring. The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.3. 除be done外， get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系动词都可跟done。如remain seated/hidden, get paid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等。What the workers have been told is that they get paid by the hour. 四、不定式、动名词和分词作定语 1. 不定式作定语时通常后置，即作后置定语，表示将要发生的动作。Wed better find some work for the children to do. He is the first one to help me with computer.(名词前有序数词或最高级时用不定式作定语)She bought a bookshelf to put her books on.(不及物动词构成的不定式作定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。)Your ability to analyze the problem really surprised us.动词的ing形式作定语，表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性的动作或当时的状态，还可表示被修饰词的某种用途。He was an inspiring leader.The boy lying on the ground was a student.过去分词作定语表示已经完成的或表被动的动作。He is an experienced teacher.The book published in March sells well.2当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义不同。Do you have anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？(不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”。)Do you have anything to be sent?你有什么东西要(我或别人)寄吗？(不是主语you寄，是别人寄) 3. 一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态，意为“已经的”。a fallen leaf落叶(已经落在地上)(a falling leaf 飘零的落叶，尚在空中)a developed country 发达国家(a developing country 发展中国家)a risen sun 升起的太阳(a rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳)boiled water 开水 (boiling water 沸水)a returned student 归国学生a retired worker 退休工人an advanced worker 先进工作者a bent branch 弯曲的树枝determined opposition 强烈的反对a devoted soldier 忠诚的士兵a wellinformed professor 见多识广的教授【疑难点击】(1)The man who came this morning is our legal adviser.() The man coming this morning is our legal adviser.(不能用doing表达过去动作) (2)Is there anyone who can answer this question? ()Is there anyone answering this question? ( 用answering表达can answer的意思是错的)(3)Those who have finished their work can go home now.()Those having finished their work can go home now. (完成式不能作定语)2. drink, learn, sink, light都有两种形式的过去分词，但作定语时，只能用拼写较长的过去分词。a drunken driver 喝醉酒的司机a learned lawyer 博学的律师a sunken ship 沉船a lighted candle 点着的蜡烛3. 不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon?五、不定式和分词作状语 1动词不定式作状语表示目的、结果、原因等。目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示，但so as to不能置于句首，only to do, soas to do和suchas to do中的不定式均作结果状语。only to do表示出人意料的结果。She did all she could to save him.They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.He was so angry as to be unable to speak. 动词ing形式一般式(doing)与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与句中谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生；完成式(having done)表示该动作先于谓语动作发生。Hearing the news, they got excited.Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.过去分词和动词ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致，且和句中主语构成逻辑上的主语或动宾关系，否则不能作状语。但独立成分，如Generally speaking, Judging from等除外。过去分词的一般形式(done)同动词的ing形式的完成被动式(having been done)均与句中主谓构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动作发生。Given(Having been given) a wrong number, I couldnt contact him over phone.Being blind, how could they see an elephant?2. 不定式(to do sth.)作目的和结果状语时总是在谓语动词后发生，而分词一般式(doing sth.)作状语时总是与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生。He worked deep into the night, preparing a speech for the president.(worked与preparing同时发生)I got up very early this morning to prepare breakfast for my family.(got up先，prepare breakfast后)【疑难点击】1. tooto do表示肯定的情况当only too和 all too与动词不定式连用时，表示肯定意义。too ready (anxious，eager, glad, willing)to do，其后的动词不定式具有肯定意义。never(not)tooto句型为“不会太所以能”之意。Im only too pleased to help you.我很高兴能帮助你。They are all too enthusiastic to take part in the activity.他们都很热心要去参加这项活动。One is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。She did not get up too late to catch the early bus. 她起得早，赶上了早班车。2. devote，absorb，lose，seat，dress，hide等动词作状语和定语时可以用它们的ed形式(devoted, absorbed，lost，seated，dressed，hidden)或ingoneself形式(devoting/absorbing/losing/seating/dressing/hiding oneself)。Seating himself/Seated/Sitting in the room, he is absorbed in reading.Have you noticed the student losing himself/lost in thought?3. 有些to do 短语，doing短语和done 短语已经当作插入语使用，此时，句子的主语在逻辑上与它们不存在主动或被动关系：to tell you the truth(实话说)，needless to say(不用说)，to be honest/ frank(老实说，坦白说)，to be more exact(更确切地说)，to make things worse (更糟的是)，not to mention(更不用说)generally/frankly/roughly speaking (一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说)，considering(鉴于/考虑到)，judging by/from(从来看，依据来判断)，supposing that(假定)，providing that(假定)，according to(依据), including(包括)，owing to(由于)，talking/speaking of (谈及)given(考虑到), provided that(如果)Generally speaking，the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.4. 独立主格结构：n./pron.doing/done/to do/adv./adj./prep.短语前后主语不一致时，分词作状语需有自己的逻辑主语，且分词与逻辑主语之间存在着逻辑上的主动或被动关系，此时，视为独立主格结构。若把独立主格结构还原为状语从句，则主句的主语与从句的主语是不同的。It being Sunday, we neednt go to school. Because it is Sunday, we neednt go to school.All the work done, you can have a rest. If all the work is done, you can have a rest.5. 连词分词(短语) 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。连词有when, while, if, unless, though, after, before, as等。但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.He will not attend the party unless invited.六、不定式和分词作宾语补足语 1. like, hate, encourage, wish, warn, tell, want, desire, expect, get, permit, order, allow，invite, force, ask, cause, advise, request, prefer, beg, persuade, teach，lead等动词宾语to do sth.，宾语与to do 为主动关系。【特别提醒】My father permits me to surf the Internet at the weekend. hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demand不能跟sb. to do2. 感官动词see, observe, hear, notice，watch, feel, look at, listen to 宾语do sth.(主动，全过程或经常性动作)doing(主动，正在进行)done(被动，完成)若感官动词在被动语态中，则to 要还原；She saw the old man cross the road. The old man was seen to cross the road.The children were last seen playing by the river.We are glad to see our child taken good care of.3. get/send/set 宾语doing表示“使起来”，动作由静止到运动并持续下去；get宾语to dolet/have sb. do表示“让某人做某事”；get宾语donehave sth. done表示“使某事被做”；send宾语to do表示“派某人去做某事”Finally I got my car running.His words sent me thinking. The teacher often gets us to recite texts.Id like to get my car cleaned before the New Year. To our surprise, he was sent to work abroad.4. 使役动词make/let宾语do/done；宾语与do 为主动关系，与done是被动关系；如果make/let在被动语态中，to要还原。I made my little brother cry. My little brother was made to cry.I spoke clearly and slowly to make myself heard and understood. 5 have表示“有”时，用have宾语 do，表示“有某事要做(主语本人做)”；用have宾语to be done，表示“有某事被做(不是主语本人做)”。The teacher often has us debate in class.They had the lights burning while working. Nancy will have her house painted.To his anger, he had his wallet stolen on the bus.I am going to the supermarket and have many things to buy. Do you have anything to be bought?6. keep/leave宾语doing(主动，且持续进行)/done(被动) Sorry to have kept you waiting for me for such a long time.They went home, leaving much work unfinished.7. want/order/ask/wish 宾语(to be )done (宾语与done之间为被动关系)The teacher wanted the paper (to be) finished in an hours.老师想让试卷在一个小时内完成。七、with复合结构 with复合结构是独立主格结构的一种，常在句中充当状语和定语，是英语中的一种常见结构。它由“with宾语补语”组成，其中，宾语和宾补之间必须有逻辑一致关系。其结构为：With the children following him, he had to go back to the park. With the work finished, he could go home.With so many books to read, I could not go out. With the weather so hot, they went in to have a rest.With the prices of color TV set down by 50%, the company has a very hard time.His wife came down the stairs, with a book in her hand.The students stood in line with the national flag being raised.第10讲 非谓语动词（考点突破）() 1. I wonder why Ann didnt get _ the job. She is the right person for it. (2010福建厦门外国语学校高三模拟)A. to be offered B. to offerC. offering D. offered() 2. What has made him upset recently? _ alone to face a troublesome milk case.(2010重庆市高三模拟)A. Left B. Being leftC. Having left D. To leave【解析】1. D本题考查get done，相当于be done, offer Ann the job, Ann 和offer 之间是动宾关系，可用be offered或get offered。此处用过去式got offered，否定式为didnt get offered，故选D。2. B根据句意，他被单独留下，为被动语态；此处用动名词短语回答what 提问。() 3. I thought it a pity _ him to the tea party. (2010河南郑州智林学校高三模拟)A. being not invitedB. not to have invitedC. to not have invitedD. not to have been invited() 4. _ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice. (2010浙江舟山市定海区高三模拟)A. Faced B. To faceC. Having faced D. Facing【解析】3. B动词不定式作形式宾语，且不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前，故选B。4. A根据句意“面对困境，Arnold决定向老板征求建议。”题中“面对、面临”的表达为“be faced with”，故用过去分词faced作状语。() 5. After the party, most guests left, with only two of them _ in the host family, _ him cleaning up.(2010安徽合肥市高三第三次教学质量检测)A. remaining; helpedB. remaining; helpingC. remained; helpedD. remained; helping【解析】5. B本题考查with宾语 宾补这一复合结构，宾语two of them与remain 是主谓关系，用 remaining；与help是主谓关系，用现在分词作伴随状语；故选B。() 6. Seeing her mother come back, _.(2010天津实验中学高三热身训练)A. tears ran down her cheeks B. her tears ran outC. she burst into tearsD. she burst into crying【解析】6. C本题考查分词的逻辑主语和主句主语一致性的问题。根据句意，逻辑主语为she, 排除A、B; D项短语表达错误，故选C。() 7. _ how to solve the problem, the little boy turned to his father for help. (2011湖南长郡中学高三分班考试)A. Not knowingB. Having not knownC. Not having been knownD. Not known【解析】7. A主语与know为主谓关系，用know的现在分词形式，排除C、D；分词的否定式在其前面加not，故选A。() 8. My money _， I must go to the bank to draw some of my savings out before Ive no