二模块三单元Grammar.doc

Unit Three Grammar Period One Present perfect tense
祖军武、朱丽、万力新、李爱贞、方颖
Teaching aim:
To give a brief introduction to the present perfect tense
Teaching procedures:
1 Go over the news story on Page 2 and find the sentences using the present perfect tense.
Please explain why the tense is used in these sentences.
2 The form of the present perfect tense
3 Talk about the uses of the present perfect tense
A We use the present perfect tense to talk about things that happened in the recent past, but are connected to the present.
The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy.
B We also use the present perfect tense to talk about something that started in the past, and is still happening now.
I have not seen Justin since last Friday night.
C We use the present perfect tense when the exact time of an action is not clear or important. We use it with time expressions such as:
already ever for just lately never recently since yet
We use already for affirmative statements and yet for negative statements.
We use for + a period of time and since + a point in time.
D We use the present perfect tense to talk about actions that were completed only a short time ago. In this case, just is used. Pay attention to the position of just.
He has just gone out.(=He went out a few minutes ago.)
We use the present perfect tense here to tell others that he isn’t here now.
I have just heard the news.(Now I know the news.)
E We can also use the present perfect tense for repeated actions, that is, we use the present perfect tense with the time expressions once/twice/three times…
F Actions occurring in an incomplete period might be indicated by today or this morning /afternoon/evening/week/month/year/century or all day/night/week, all the time, always etc.
Tom has rung up three times this morning.(Now it is still in the morning.)
Tom rang up three times this morning.(Now it is not still in the morning.)

Complete the following sentences with the proper tense.
A We have studied (study) English for about five years.
B They have lived (live) in the south since their daughter was born.
C I have read (read) your article three times. It’s well written.
D The student has finished (finish) her homework already.
E Eric has gone (go) back to his hometown today.
F The police have just finished (finish)searching the area.
4 Compare the simple past tense and the present perfect tense
Look at the following sentences and point out what tense or tenses are used in them and the reasons why they are used.
A We have studied English for about five years. We began to study it five years ago .
B They moved to the south in 1990 and have lived there since then.
C Eric left home last year and has just come back.
E Justin has been away from home for several days. He disappeared last Friday.
F They bought this house three years ago and they have lived here since then.
G my brother went to see my grandpa last week. He has visited him three times this month.

Complete the following sentences :
a ‘Have you seen my pen?’ ‘Yes, I saw it on your desk just now.’
b ‘Have you had dinner?’ ‘Yes, I had it with Mary.’
C Has the postman come yet/this morning?
D Did the postman come this morning?
E I have known him for a long time.
F Hello! I didn’t know you were here in Nanjing. How long have you been here?

Notes:
1)The present perfect tense is normally used for an action which lasts throughout an incomplete period, but with the past simple tense, we use time expressions which a fixed point in the past.
c.f.
We haven’t seen Justin for a week.(He is still missing.)
Justin disappeared last week.(It may mean that this week Justin is here.)
He has smoked since he left school.(He still smokes.)
He smoked for six months.(It means that he stopped smoking then.

2) Sometimes, however, the action finishes at the time of speaking.
It has been very cold lately but it’s just beginning to get warmer.

3)On meeting someone, you may say: I haven’t seen you for ages.(But I see you now.)

4) For a past action whose time is not definite and often has a result in the present.
Tom has had a bad car crash.(He’s probably still in hospital now.)
Tom had a bad car crash.(But he’s probably out of hospital now.)
The lift has broken down.(We have to use the stairs.)
The lift broke down.( But it’s probably working again now.)

5 Read the diary entry and then complete it using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
Answers:
(2) saw (3) has visited (4) loves (5) hasn’t visited (6) has swum (7) has never met (8) has dived (9) has found (10) hasn’t found (11) Has, been
6 Assignment
Period Two Present perfect continuous tense
Teaching aim:
To give a brief introduction to the present perfect continuous tense

Teaching procedures:
1 Go over the news story on Page 2 and find the sentences using the present perfect continuous tense.
Please explain why the tense is used in these sentences.
2 The form of the present perfect continuous tense
3 Talk about the uses of the present perfect continuous tense
We sometimes use the Present perfect continuous tense
to talk about actions that started in the past and are still continuing, or have just finished but are still connected to the present in some way.
A I’ve been waiting for an hour and he still hasn’t turned up.
B I’m so sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting long?

Go over Points 1 and 2 on page 9.
4 Exercises on page 9
Answers: (2) have been talking (3) have been taking (4) have been watching
(5) have seen (6) have been writing

5 Compare the present perfect and the present perfect continuous tense
Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge.
Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge.
In the first sentence, it means the action read isn’t still continuing, and Li Jia knows what the book is about now, but in the second sentence , it means the action read is still continuing.
c.f. I’ve cleaned the house.
I’ve been cleaning the house.
Read Point 1 on page 10.
Notes:
1)I have visited Egypt twice this month.
I have been touring Egypt for two months.
The present perfect continuous tense can’t be used with time expressions such as twice or how many times, because in this tense the action is continuous, not stopped and started again.
We can use the present perfect tense for repeated actions, and the present perfect continuous tense for non-stop actions.

2)How many times have you swum in the lake?
How long have you been swimming in the lake?
We usually use the present perfect tense to ask questions beginning with how many/much, and the present perfect continuous tense to ask questions beginning with how long.
3) I’ve never visited Paris.
I’ve already been to Paris.
always, never, yet, already and ever can’t be used in a continuous tense.
4)I have not been sleeping well since I returned home.
I’ve been waiting for an hour.
We can use for and since with the the present perfect continuous tense.
5)Both present perfect tense and present perfect continuous tense

An action which began in the past and is still continuing or has only just finished can, with certain verbs, be expressed by either the present perfect or present perfect continuous.Verbs which can be used in this way include expect, hope, learn, lie, live, sleep, sit, study, wait, want, rain, etc.
How long have you learnt English? Or
How long have you been learning English?
It has snowed for a long time.
It has been snowing for a long time.

6 A state verb or an action verb
I have had this camera for five years.(state verb)
I have taken photos of UFOs with this camera.(action verb)
I have been taking photos of UFOs with this camera.(action verb)

An action means something happening or changing. A state means something staying the same. Some examples of action verbs are do, go, and play. Some examples of state verbs are like, know and exist.
A state verb doesn’t mean an action, so it can’t be used in a continuous tense.
They’ve always had a big garden.
How long have you known each other?
He’s been in hospital since his accident.

7 Exercises on page 11:
Answers on page 11
A (1)heard (2) been doing (3) been researching (4) been doing (5) started (6) done (7)
read (8) found 9) started (10) been doing (11) been making

Sample answers
B 1 He has been waiting at an underground station.
2 They have been traveling in an UFO. It looks like a saucer.
3 They probably have talked to animals or plants on the earth as well as creatures on other plants.
4 They have visited Mars, Venus, Jupiter and some other planets.
8 Assignment

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