四级图表作文讲解与训练.doc

四级图表作文讲解与训练
一、图表作文的类型
二、图表作文的出题形式　
三、图表作文的写作要领
四、图表作文常用词汇与表达方式
五、图表作文练习及其参考范文

　　图表作文也是四（六）级考试中常见，而且被认为是一种较难的作文形式。图表作文就是把非文字信息（通常为各种图表表示的数字信息等）转换成文字信息的一种作文。它要求我们用文字来描述非文字性的图表或对图表显示的关系作解释说明。下面我们先来看一看图表作文的类型。

第一节 图表作文的类型
　　图表作文可分为两大类：表作文和图作文。
　　●图表作文
　　表格（Table）可以使大量数据系统化，便于阅读、比较。用表格表达的信息具体准确，而且表格中的各项均按一定规律排列。阅读表格时要注意找出表格中各个项目的相互关系，表格中各个项目的变化规律。　
　 ●图作文
　　图作文又可分为三种：圆形图作文、曲线图作文和条状图作文。
　　（1） 圆形图作文
　　圆形图（Pie chart）也称为饼状图或圆面分割图。圆形图因为比较形象和直观，各部分空间大小差别容易分辨，所以常用来表示总量和各分量之间的百分比关系。整个圆表示总量，楔形块表示分量。有时圆形图还有数值表，两者结合可把各分量表示得更准确、清楚。例如：
　　（2） 曲线图作文
　　曲线图（Line graph）也称为线性图或坐标图。曲线图最适合表示两个变量之间关系的发展过程和趋势。一般来说，曲线所呈现的形状比某一点所代表的变量的值更有意义。曲线图有横轴和纵轴。一般先看横轴所代表的数量或时间等，然后再看纵轴所显示的意义。同时必须找出线条所反映的最高或最低的变化。例如：
　　（3） 条形图作文
　　条形图（Bar graph）也称为立柱图或圆柱图。条形图由宽度相同但长度不同的条块代表不同的量。当要比较几个项目或量时，常用不同颜色来区分。条形图主要用来表示：1）同一项目在不同时间的量；2）同一时间不同项目的量。阅读条形图时，要先看图例，再看横轴、纵横各代表什么量，每一个刻度所代表的值是多少，最后找出图中各长条所表示的数据及各长条间的相互关系。例如：

第二节 图表作文的出题形式
　　我们先来看几个四（六）级考试中的图表作文的例子。

例1 1991年6月四级作文题　
Directions:  For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 100 words on Changes in People's Diet. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table. Write three paragraphs to:
1.state the changes in people's diet (饮食) in the past five years;
2.give possible reasons for the changes
3. draw your own conclusions.
4. you should quote as few figures as possible.

Kinds 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Grain 49 47% 46.5% 45% 45%
Milk 10% 11% 11% 12% 13%
Meat 17% 20% 22.5% 23% 21%
Fruit and Vegetable 24% 22% 20% 20% 21%
Total 100% 100% 100 100% 100%

例2 2002 年6月四级作文题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below:
20 __
18 __
16 __
14 __
12 _
10 __
8 __
6 __
4 __
2 __

1990 1995 2002
Average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week

1. 上图所示为1990年、1995年、2002年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；
2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；
3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。

例3：Car Accidents Declining in Walton City (1991年6月6级试题)
　　Remember that your composition must be written according to the following outline;
　　1. Rise and fall of the rate of car accidents as indicated by the graph;
　　2. Possible reason(s) for the decline of car accidents in the city;
　　3. Your predictions of what will happen this year.
　　Your composition should be no less than 120 words and you should quote as few figures as possible.

从以上例子可见，图表作文一般在题目中给出作文的标题和一个或几个统计表格、圆形图、曲线图或条形图，有时还用英文或中文提纲的形式给出提示，要求我们：1）用文字描述图表，客观解释图表中所传递的信息，并找出某种规律或趋势；2）就图表中所反映的某种趋势或问题分析其原因或后果。

第三节 图表作文的写作要领
　　图表作文着重说明事实，常常是通过对图表中所反映的具体数据的说明、分析、比较，对某种事物或现象的事实或变化情况等加以说明，并提出结论或看法。因此，图表作文常常采用议论文体的写作方法。
　　写好图表作文，关键在于能否读懂图表中所提供的信息，把握各信息间的联系，用准确流畅的语言把这一信息表达出来，并就这一信息发表自己的看法。
　　●图表作文的写作步骤
　　写图表作文时，要注意遵循以下步骤：
　　1）在写作图表作文时，首先要仔细观察并认真分析图表的含义，以及题中所给出的有关信息，比如，作文标题，英文提纲、英文提示、英语关键词等，弄清图表中所含的信息及不同信息间的关系；
　　2）确定文章的主题思想，构思出文章的基本框架，筛选出能说明图表主题思想的典型数据；在分析图表时，要抓住与主题有关的信息，要发现数据呈现的规律，要充分利用图表中的图形、数据等来说明主题。但是注意不要过多地引用数据
　　3）编列文章的提纲；
　　4）根据文章的提纲，将各段的提纲内容扩展成段落，然后将各个段落组成文章，注意段与段之间的衔接与过渡；
　　5）检查与修改。
原则：
      A．关键是要写清楚。
      B．不要罗列所有数据，找出主要点；要归纳总结；
C. 概括一些内在关联性或原因推测作为总结

第四节图表作文常用词汇与表达方式
●文章开头常用词汇
 1.图表类型：
table 表格; chart 图表; diagram图表或图解，示意图; graph图表, 曲线图; column/ bar chart柱状图; pie graph饼图
  2. 描述：
show; describe; illustrate; can be seen from; clear; apparent; reveal 显示; represent表现, 描绘
 3.内容：
figure数字; statistics [用作复] 统计数字[资料]；number; percentage; proportion (the ～ of A to B)
● 表示数据
        上升：increase rise, ascend, soar, surge（激增）, go up, climb, mount, level up
        下降: decrease, fall, drop, descend, decline, reduce ,lessen, level
        平稳: stable, steady, remain steady/stable; /maintain/keep/be the same as/similar to  ; little/hardly any /no change
        波动: fluctuate, fluctuation, rise and fall, up and down
        占: occupy， take up， account for
        而: while, however, whereas , on the other hand
        相比: by/in contrast, on the contrary, likewise, compared with
        最高点: the highest, the top, the summit, the peak
        最低点: bottom, least, rock bottom最低点
例句Prices have hit rock bottom. 价格已达最低水平
        平均值: average
        趋势: tendency, trend, inclination
        预见: prediction
        比例：20 per cent , 20%
        one in three, 1/3
        one out of every four， 1/4
        有一个稳定的过程: a stable period can be seen
        表示 变化程度的词：
sudden/suddenly 突然的，意外的
        rapid/rapidly 迅速的，飞快的，险峻的
        dramatic/dramatically 戏剧性的，生动的，剧烈的
        significant/significantly 有意义的，重大的，重要的
        sharp/sharply 明显的，急剧的
        steep/steeply 急剧升降的
        steady/steadily 稳固的，坚定不移的
        gradual/gradually 渐进的，逐渐的
        slow/slowly 缓慢的，不活跃的
        slight/slightly 轻微的、略微地
        stable/stably 稳定的
        表示程度：
almost adv. 几乎，差不多
        nearly adv. 几乎，密切地
        approximately adv. 近似的，大约
        just over 刚超过
        exactly adv. 正确地，严密地
        precisely adv. 正好 精确地；清晰地

● 常用词和短语
        significant changes 图中一些较大变化
        noticeable trend 明显趋势
        during the same period 在同一时期
        grow/grew 增长
        distribute 分布，区别
        unequally 不相等地
        pronounced 明显的,显著的
        average 平均
        no doubt 无疑地
        corresponding adj. 相应的
        represent vt. 阐述，表现
        overall 总体上讲
       in the case of 在…的情况下
        in/by contrast 相反，大不相同
        in conclusion adv. 最后，总之
        in comparison 相比之下
        inversely/reversely adv. 相反地，倒转地
        in general 通常，大体上，一般而言
        range from…to 从…到…不等
        excessive adj. 过多的，过分的，额外
        lower v. 降低，跌落
        elapse vi. （时间）过去，消逝
        category n. 种类
        government policy 政府政策
        market forces 市场规律
        measure n. 尺寸，方法，措施 v.估量，调节
        forecast n. 先见，预见 v. 预
    表示程度的副词：
      1.）程度较大：
      considerably  dramatically   greatly markedly  obviously quickly  rapidly sharply significantly  
suddenly
      2） 程度较小：
        slightly   gradually   slowly steadily
●常用句型与例句
1. 句型As is shown by the graph/in the table…（概述图表时用）
例句
As is shown by the graph, there has been a rapid increase in the population of the country in the past five years. 正如曲线所示，最近5年来该国人口飞速增长。

2. 句型It can be seen from the table that … （得出结论）
例句A. From the statistics given in the table it can be seen that the average personal income of the Chinese people increased (grew/rose) rapidly from 1985 to 1990.
从表中所给的统计数字可以看出，从1985年到1990年中国的人均收入迅速提高。
例句B. It can be concluded from the graph that there has been a great decline in birth rates in China in the past five years. 从曲线图可以得出结论，最近5年来中国人口的出生率已经大大下降。
3. … amount to … （数量总计）
add up to
come to
sum up to
例句All the expenses (costs) amount to (= add up to) $ 200. 全部费用合计200美元。
4. … increase from … to … （数量增减）
decrease
rise
fall
drop
例句A. The number of color TV sets produced by the factory increased (rose , grew , climbed) from 5000 in 1986 to 21000 in 1990. 这个工厂生产的彩电已由1986年的5000台增加到1990年的21000台。
例句B. The number of participants grew up to 300000 persons.
参加者的人数增加到30万。
例句C. The number of teaching staff members in this school has decreased to 700 persons.
这个学校的教职工人数已减少到700人。
5. （be）three times as + 形容词 + as
总产量 total output
年产量the annual output of
上升17％ rise by 17per cent
日产量 the daily output
导致产量下降 result in a diminished output
例句The grain production (= output)in our area now is three times as great as that of 1970.
现在我们地区的粮食产量相当于1970年的3倍。
例句The factory has an output of 9 million cigarettes daily.
6. Compared with … , …
例句Compared with that of last year, the output of 13 main products (= items) this year has increased to a great extent. 与去年相比，今年13项主要产品的产量都有大幅度增长。
7. There is (was) a rapid rise in …
be on the rise
on the increase
sudden decrease
on the decline
steady decline
gradual fall
slow drop
slight
例句The cotton output in this area has increased rapidly in the past few years. 最近几年来这个地区的棉花产量有了迅速增长。

①As can be seen from the table (graph, form)...
②From the above table it can be seen (concluded) that...
③A careful study of the table shows that...
④The number (percentage) is 3 times as much as that in 2000.
⑤In 2001, it increased (went up, rose) from 5 to 15 percent of the total (to 15 percent, by 10 percent).

  This bar chart describes significant changes in the ownership of houses in a big city in China. It can be seen from the chart that a very noticeable trend from 2000 to 2010 was the dramatic increase in the private ownership of houses as opposed to the huge drop in the state ownership of houses. In 2000, three out of four houses were state-owned. However, by 2010, the percentage of the ownership of private houses has soared to 80%.

      The above chart reveals that the huge expansion in the private house ownership has been accompanied by a corresponding相应的 fall in the state ownership of houses in a span of a decade. (2000-2010)

      As is suggested ( unfolded表明 / demonstrated / illustrated / mirrored 反映) in the above chart, with the sharp rise in the private ownership of houses, the state ownership of houses has dramatically ( substantially / alarmingly ) dropped in a passage of a decade. (2000-2010)

      According to the above chart, there has been a drastic growth in the private ownership of houses, while the state ownership of houses has shrunk steeply over the past decade.  

      From the above chart, we can see distinctly that the private ownership of houses has witnessed an huge rise as opposed to / in contrast to the drastic decrease in the state ownership of houses in a matter of a decade.

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第五节 图表作文练习及范文
l 2002年6月四级作文题及范文：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below:
20 __
18 __
16 __
14 __
12 __
10 __
8 __
6 __
4 __
2 __

1990 1995 2002
Average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week

1. 上图所示为1990年、1995年、2002年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；
2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；
3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。

Student Use of Computers大学生使用电脑情况
Sample 1
Since 1990, there has been tremendous growth in the use of computers by students. While in 1990, the average number of hours a student spent on the computer was about one hour per week, this number grew to nearly four hours per week by 1995, and to approximately 20 hours per week by the year 2000.
This significant growth in the use of computers by students in the 1990’s can be attributed to several factors, including widespread usage, lower prices, and technological and social developments. Nowadays, computers are widely used by students for word processing, file keeping, multimedia presentations, and access to the Internet for both research and communication. Additionally, since 1990, due to competition and technological advances, computer hardware and software prices, as well as Internet usage charges have dropped significantly. Finally, technological developments and changes in social habits in the 1990’s have played a major role in this tremendous growth in the use of computers. Today’s society relies heavily on computers for immediate access to the news and for entertainment, including, listening to music, watching movies and sport events, and playing computer games.
While computers are of great assistance to the students, and therefore, are indispensable tools, they also pose some challenges. The biggest challenge that many students face is discipline in the use of this powerful device. That is, students need to have the discipline of not allowing themselves to be lured by the entertaining aspects of this wonderful tool—aspects that can result in addiction to computer games or viewing of undesirable material on the Internet. That is to say, students need to use this powerful tool with great wisdom!
Sample 2
As is shown by the bar graph, the average number of hours a student in a certain university spends on the computer per week increased dramatically over the period from 1990 to 2002 .In 1990, it was less than two hours. And in 1995, it hit/ reach four hours. And in 2002, the number soared to(飞速上升) nearly twenty hours, which is over ten times than that of 1990.
　Obviously computers are becoming increasingly popular for males and for females. A multitude of factors could account for the rise. In the first place, computers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the rapid development of the internet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact friends in remote places through the internet. In the second place, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, which enable more students to purchase them.
However, there still exist some problems, such as, poor quality, out-of-date designs and so on. And how to balance the time between using computers an studying is also a serious problem. Anyhow, we will benefit a lot from computers as long as we use them properly.

　注：soar to/ boom/ shoot up/ rocket/ jump 飞速上升
　　 climb 上升很慢
shrink 下降，缩水　　

1991年6月四级作文题及范文 　
Directions:  For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 100 words on Changes in People's Diet. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table. Write three paragraphs to:
1, state the changes in people's diet (饮食) in the past five years;
2, give possible reasons for the changes
3, draw your own conclusions.
4, you should quote as few figures as possible.

Kinds 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Grain 49% 47% 46.5% 45% 45%
Milk 10% 11% 11% 12% 13%
Meat 17% 20% 22.5% 23% 21%
Fruit and Vegetable 24% 22% 20% 20% 21%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

Changes in People’s Diet
Sample 1：
　　From the chart we can see that during the past five years there have been great changes in people’s diet. The greatest change occurs in