动词时态、动词语态、非谓语动词被动式t.doc

动词时态、动词语态、非谓语动词被动式
涂 兴 仁 とこぅにん
一. 动 词 的 时 态
英语的动词时态共有16中，其中在高考中有15种时态(标有●或○)在选择项中出现过。但主要有10种时态(标有●)。列表如下：

一般时态
进行时态
完成时态
完成进行时态
现在
●一般现在时
●现在进行时
●现在完成时
●现在完成进行时
过去
●一般过去式
●过去进行时
●过去完成时
●过去完成进行时
将来
●一般将来时
●将来进行时
●将来完成时
○将来完成进行时
过去将来
●过去将来时
○过去将来进行时
○过去将来完成时
过去将来完成进行时

一般时态
进行时态
完成时态
完成进行时态
现在
I do …
I am doing …
I have done …
I have been doing …
过去
I did …
I was doing …
I had done …
I had been doing …
将来
I shall do …
I shall be doing …
I shall have done …
I shall have been doing...
过去将来
I should do …
I should be doing …
I should have done...
I should have been doing

(一) 一般现在时的用法
第三人称单数的一般现在时的动词要用s形，其变化形式与名词复数的s形相同。如：reads , says ; teaches , washes , guesses , does , goes , fixes ; tries , carries , studies ; has , is (I am … , We are …, You are … , They are …)
1. 表示现在经常性的动作、习惯性的动作。句子中常用always , usually , often , sometimes , seldom , never , every day等时间状语。
We have three meals a day . It seldom snows here . She always helps others . We have our first class at 8:00 every morning . The Olympic Games take place every four years .
2. 表示现在的特征、状态、感觉、兴趣、爱好、能力、状态。
(be , love , like , appreciate , hate , want , hope , intend , recognize , suppose , mean , have , belong to , think , feel , doubt , envy , admire , remain , consist of , contain , include , seem , look (看起来) , sound , see , fit , suit , owe , own , find , discover , hear , suggest , advise , prove , mind , taste , matter , count (重要) , depend , possess , require , demand , advocate , desire , …)
This kind of car sells well . The coat doesn’t wash easily . The house belongs to Mr Smith . Teenagers like playing games on line . I major in English . He lives just around the corner . The book is worth reading . He is easy to get along with She does well in English . Every minute counts . This cloth feels soft . He speaks Japanese well . I dislike watching football matches . I don’t want you to tell lies . She doubts your honesty .
3. 表示客观真理、客观存在、科学事实、格言、谚语、警句。
He said that light travels faster than sound . The sun rises in the east and sets in the west . Water boils at 100℃ . There are 8 planets in the solar system . Fish soon dies without water . The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth . China lies to the west of the Pacific Ocean . Pride goes before a fail . Birds of a feather flock together One swallow doesn’t make a summer .
4. 表示计划、安排、时间表上规定的动作。
My birthday is two weeks away / two weeks’ time . It is Sunday tomorrow . We set off for Shanghai on Saturday . The plane takes off at half past ten . We have a meeting every Monday morning next term .
5. 在条件状语从句、时间状语从句、让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
(if , unless , as/so long as , in case , on condition that , The more … , the more … , when , before , after , until, till , as soon as , once , by the time , the next time , the moment , immediately , no matter what , no matter who, no matter which, no matter when, no matter where, no matter how, whatever , whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however , …)
As long as you tell the truth , we’ll try to help you . It won’t be long before he comes back . When he returns home (时间状语从句) , please tell me when he will come to see me (宾语从句) . The more attention you pay to her , the less she will care about you . Once you see her , you won’t forget her .
但是If he will (愿意) pay me , I’ll go with him .
6. 用在某些句型中
It is two days since I was ill . It is three hours since she left here . (It has been two days since I was ill . It has been three hours since she left here . )
(二) 一般过去式时的用法
动词过去式的构成
（1）+ ed : suffered , minded , sounded , played , wished , …
（2）+d : liked , loved , died , danced , hoped , dyed (染色) , fined (罚款) , …
（3）少数双写r或变形ck : preferred , referred , occurred , picnicked , panicked
（4）词尾是重读闭音节且只有一个辅音字母结尾，双写辅音字母+ed : permitted , admitted , fitted
（5）辅音字母+y结尾，把y变成i + ed : carried , studied , worried
（6）不规则动词: say →said , sleep →slept , swim →swam , grow →grew , bite →bit , …
（7）有些动词有两个形式: hung (吊,挂) / hanged (绞死) , learnt/learned , lit/lighted ,burnt/burned
1. 表示过去某时发生的动作、存在的状态；过去经常性的动作、习惯性的动作。常用来表示过去的时间状语: yesterday , last week/month/year , two days ago , the other day , just now , in the past , in 2010 , …
The 29th Olympic Games took place in Beijing in 2008 . When did you come back ? She often stayed up very late last month . I was born in 1965 . When I was young , I often went to the cinema . She used to live in the village . The old man would smoke after meals before he got lung cancer . Farmers were poor in the past . She was admitted to college two years ago . The couple left New York just now .
2. 在时间状语从句、条件状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来时。
He said he would visit you if he had time . She said she would give me a gift when she came the next week .
3. 表示最近的过去的思维状态。
I didn’t recognize you . You look so fat now ! I’m very surprised to see you here but I didn’t expect you to be here .
4. 用在某些虚拟句型中。
It is time that we handed in our report . I’d rather you came tomorrow . I’d rather she kept silent all the time now . I wish I had time now .
5. 叙述历史事实时，常用一般过去式。
She told me that the Party was founded in 1921 . He said the ancient Olympic Games took place in Greece . Germany was divided into two countries during World War Two .
6. 一般过去时与现在完成时和过去完成时的比较
一般过去时表示在过去时间所做的动作或存在的状态，与现在无关常与具体的过去时间连用(yesterday , last week/month/year , two days ago , the other day , just now , in the past , in 2010 , …) 。现在完成时的动作虽然发生在过去，但强调动作对现在的影响或过去的状态一直持续到现在，它的时间包括现在，与模糊的时间状语连用或不用时间状语(for , since , so far , ever , just , by now , up to now , in the past/last three years , recently , these days ) 。过去完成时，指其过去的动作或状态在过去的某一时间或动作之前发生或存在，即 “过去的过去” 。
He left here two days ago . He has left here and we can’t see him . He had left here when I arrived . The door was opened but it is closed now . She lived here one year ago . She has lived here for twenty years .
(三) 将来时的表达
1. shall/will do sth shall/will be … 表示将来。
I shall/will be 20 years old next year . It will be fine tomorrow . When will he be back from America ? We will visit the science museum next week . She will take part in the Asian Games . If it is fine , we’ll go boating .
2. be going to do 表示打算、计划、安排、对将来有把握的判断。
Li Ming and Liu Ying are going to marry next week . I am going to be on a voyage to Tokyo . The football match is going to be held this afternoon . We are going to discuss the problem tomorrow . It is going to rain . She is going to be fat for she eats too much and moves a little .
3. be doing 表示即将或打算（不容改变）。(leave , go , arrive , get to , reach , set out , start , fly , stay , …)
I’m leaving now . It’s getting late . We are staying in London for another week . She is going abroad this year .
4. be to do sth 表示客观的计划、安排、应该。
Our teacher is to attend the meeting on behalf of our school next month . The doctor is to be seen in his
office this morning . What am I to do next ? You are to wait here for your parents . All these things are to be answered for .
5. be about to do sth 表示即将，但不跟具体的时间。
They are about to go on a trip to England . I’m about to take a driving test . Don’t worry . We are about to operate on you .
6. 某些动词的一般现在时可以表示在时间上已经决定或安排好了的事情。(come , return , arrive , get to , go , leave , start , begin , set off , …)
The train arrives at this station at 8 pm tomorrow . No 3 Bus leaves in 15 minutes .
7. 时间状语从句中、条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
She won’t attend your wedding unless she is invited . Please phone me immediately you arrive at the airport . When John comes , ask him to wait for me . It won’t be long before he turns up .
8. 在句型Do sth and you will do …中。
Work hard and you will find a way . Leave the basin of water outside in such cold weather and it will soon change into ice . Take a walk every day and you will lose weight .
9. 某些固定句型中。
Make sure that all the lights are turned off before you leave the classroom . I hope you all have a good trip . Take care that you do your examinations next week .
(四) 过去将来时用法
表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的动作。
He said he would help me whenever he had time . I said last year that I would/should find a high-paid job in a foreign company . He said that he would study harder than before . He didn’t tell me when he would go . I was about to leave when it started to rain . They said they were going to start their own business . It was two hours before we persuaded her to go with us . We were sure that she was to become a popular singer .
(五) 现在进行时的用法
现在分词的构成（1）+ing : listening , drawing , playing , staying , studying , seeing ; （2）以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e , +ing : dancing , making ; （3）以重读闭音节结尾，且结尾只有一个辅音字母，双写辅音字母，+ing : swimming , beginning , sitting ; （4）特殊情形: die →dying , lie →lying , tie →tying , picnic →picnicking , panic →panicking
1. 表示此刻正在发生的动作。
They are waiting for you . We are learning English . He is painting his new house .
2. 与always 连用，表示某种情感色彩。
You are always doing nothing . Some students are always looking up new words when reading . She is always doing well . My daughter is fooling about all the day long .
3. 现在进行时可以表示即将或打算。(leave , go , arrive , get to , set out , set off , stay , …
We are taking the plane there tomorrow . I’m afraid I am leaving now . They are starting off soon .
4. 表示重复的动作、长期的动作、渐变的动作。
He is failing in interviews . Mr White is writing another play . The weather is getting warmer and warmer . It is starting to snow . She is growing into a beautiful young woman .
5. 下面情况通常不用进行时态表示进行。
（1）Here comes an old woman . There goes the bell .
（2）表示拥有或事实状态的动词 (have , own , owe , belong to , possess , cost , count , matter , weigh , exist , contain , include , …) 、表示心理状态的动词 (want , need , recognize , realize , know , believe , think , fancy , suppose , guess , imagine , see , remember , forget , agree , mind , prefer , understand , hate , like , love , apologize , excuse , pardon , accept , regard , …) 、瞬时动词 (finish , complete , accomplish , give , receive , invite , decide , refuse , permit , allow , admit , borrow , join , buy , …) 、联系动词（sound , seem , appear , remain , taste , become , turn , stay , stand , look , get , …）
The car belongs to her . I have four bothers and sisters . I don’t think he has told a true story . The little girl doesn’t dare go out alone at night . He regards me as his good friend . We don’t allow smoking here . Not every dream comes true . He remains remarried . .
(六) 过去进行时的用法

过去进行时表示在过去某个时候正在进行的动作或过去某个阶段正在做的事情。
I was watching TV when you telephoned me . I wasn’t listening and I have no idea of what you said . She was playing basketball with me this time yesterday morning .
(七) 将来进行时的用法
表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作。
We will be holding the conference when you arrive . The bridge will be being built when you come home . We will be enjoying our lunch at 11:30 this afternoon .
(八) 现在完成时的用法
1. 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的结果或影响。
You have grown up . Great changes have taken place in China in the past thirty years . Who has opened the door ? I closed it when I left . Have you seen the TV series ?
2. 到现在为止，动作发生的频率或次数。
How many pages have you covered by now ? He has been to Beijing twice . I have learned more than 10,000 English words so far .
3. 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。
I have taught in No 2 Middle School since 1999 . She has been in the army for two years . (= She joined the army two years ago .)
4. 用在某些句型中。
It is the first time that I have seen her . This is the fourth time that he has rung you in a day . This is the best film that I have ever seen .
5. 在条件状语从句、时间状语从句中， 用现在完成时表示将来完成时。
I will lend the novel to you when I have finished reading it by next week . The manager will give you a rise if you have contributed more to his company .
6. 与现在完成时常连用的副词和介词短语。
since/before (adv.) ; since/for … ; so far ; ever , never , yet , already , just ; by … , up to now ; recently ; in the past/last three years ;
I have never flown in a helicopter before . He left home in 1985 and has never been heard of since . He has been ill for the past week .
(九) 过去完成时的用法
表示在过去某个时刻前已经发生的动作或状态，或者从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态，即“ 过去的过去 ”。
1. 通过过去的时间状语来提示：
By the end of last term , we had learned more than 3,500 English words . I hadn’t seen her for ten years by last year .
2. 通过过去的时间状语从句来提示：
The meeting had begun when I got there . Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home . My teacher had taught in that school for ten years before she came here . The old man had lived here for 70 years when she died . He had been ill the winter before .
3. 通过间接引语来表达：
He said he had visited Singapore six times . She said she had read the novel .
4. 在某些虚拟句型中。
I would not have finished my work if you hadn’t lent me a hand . I’d rather you had come last week .
5. 在某些特殊句型中。
It was the third time that he had entered the house . That was the second time that he had been out with her alone . It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time . We had hardly/just arrived when she started complaining . (Hardly had we arrived when he started complaining .) No sooner had she finished her homework than she went out to play .
6. 表示过去希望做、打算做的动作但后来没有做成。(want , hope , wish , intend , plan , expect , think , mean , …)
We had hoped to catch the 9:00 train , but found it was gone . They had planned a picnic last Sunday , but they had to give it up because of the rain .
7. 当两个动作按顺序发生、相继发生、用and , then , but 等连接，而不强调先后时，可用一般过去时。
He got down to doing research as soon as he reached there . The little girl burst out crying when she saw her mother . My parents bought me a gift but I lost it later . When I heard the good news , my tears came into my eyes at once .
(九) 将来完成时的用法
表示到将来某个时候，动作或状态已经结束；到将来某个时候动作已经发生的次数或频率。
We will have graduated from college by July this year . She will have set off for Russia when you return from America . He will have finished his task before you decide to offer your help .
(十) 现在完成进行时的用法
现在完成进行时表示动作从过去开始，现在仍然在继续或刚刚结束。现在完成进行时既表示完成又表示进行。现在完成进行时须与表示持续动作或状态的动词连用。刚刚完成的动作也可用现在完成时，现在完成时强调结果；如果强调动作还要进行下去，常用现在完成进行时，现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性。
She has been watching TV since breakfast . They have been building the bridge . He has been repairing his house all the morning . I’m sorry that you have been waiting for me for half an hour . The naughty boy has been knocking at the door .
(十一) 过去完成进行时的用法
过去完成进行时表示在所说的过去某一时刻之前，已经开始的过去动作持续到那一时刻或在那一时刻之前刚刚结束。
He said he had been repairing his house for a week . I was too tired because I had been working on the puzzles . She had been working as a secretary before she retired from the company .

二．动 词 的 被 动 语 态
当句子的主语是动作的承受者或对象时，谓语动词用被动语态。及物动词或及物动词短语可能有被动语态。被动语态中的动作执行者通过by引出。当不强调动作的执行者时， by结构常省略。
We are often given good advice by our teacher . His dictionary was stolen yesterday . A new economic garden will be built in this area . This kind of computer has been sold out .
被