1、第一讲 会计英语的常用术语 授课内容和教学目标: 在第一个专题中向大家介绍会计领域中经常用到的最基本的术语以及它们的应用,使学生在头脑中建立起一个框架并对会计专业英语有一个直观的了解。这些内容将构成以后几个专题学习的基础。 1.accounting n.会计;会计学 account n..账,账目 a/c;账户 e.g.T-account: T型账户;account payable应付账款 receivable 应收账款); accountant n.会计人员,会计师 CPA (certified public accountant) 注册会计师
2、 2.Accounting concepts 会计的基本前提 1)accounting entity 会计主体;entity 实体,主体 2)going concern 持续经营 3)accounting period 会计分期 financial year/ fiscal year 会计年度(financial adj.财务的,金融的; fiscal adj.财政的) 4)money measurement货币计量 人民币RMB¥ 美元US$ 英镑£ 法国法郎FFr *权责发生制accrual basis. accrual n.本身是应计未
3、付的意思, accrue v.应计未付,应计未收, e.g.accrued liabilities,应计未付负债 3.Quality of accounting information 会计信息质量要求 (1)可靠性reliability (2)相关性 relevance (3)可理解性 understandability (4)可比性comparability (5)实质重于形式 substance over form (6)重要性 materiality (7)谨慎性 prudence (8)及时性 timeliness
4、 4.Elements of accounting会计要素 1)Assets: 资产 – current assets 流动资产 cash and cash equivalents 现金及现金等价物 (bank deposit) inventory存货 receivable应收账款 prepaid expense 预付费用 – non-current assets 固定资产 property (land and building) 不动产, plant 厂房, equipment 设备 (PPE) e.g.The total assets
5、owned by Wilson company on December 31, 2006 was US$1,500,000. 2)Liabilities: 负债 funds provided by the creditors. creditor债权人,赊销方 – current liabilities 当期负债 non-current liabilities 长期负债 total liabilities account payable应付账款 loan贷款 advance from customers 预收款 bond债券(由政府发行, gove
6、rnment bond /treasury bond政府债券,国库券) debenture债券 (由有限公司发行) 3)Owners’ equity: 所有者权益 (Net assets) funds provided by the investors. Investor 投资者 – paid in capital (contributed capital) 实收资本 – shares /capital stock (u.s.) 股票 retained earnings 留存收益 同时记住几个单词dividend 分红 beginning
7、 retained earnings ending retained earnings – reserve 储备金 (资产重估储备金,股票溢价账户) e.g.The company offered/issued 10,000 shares at the price of US$2.30 each. 4)Revenue: 收入 sales revenue销售收入 interest revenue利息收入 rent revenue租金收入 5)Expense: 费用 cost of sales销售成本, wages expense工资费用 6)Profi
8、t (income, gain):利润 net profit, net income 5.Financial statement 财务报表 1)balance sheet 资产负债表 2)income statement 利润表 3)statement of retained earnings 所有者权益变动表 4)cash flow statement 现金流量表 6.Accounting cycle 1)journal entries 日记账 general journal 总日记账 general ledger 总分类账
9、 trial balance试算平衡表 adjusting entries 调整分录 adjusted trial balance调整后的 试算平衡表 Financial statements 财务报表 closing entry 完结分录 2)Dr.—Debit 借 Cr.—Credit 贷 Double-entry system 复式记账 7.Exercise 练习 1)purchases of inventory in cash for RMB¥3,000 现金人民币3,000元购买存货 Dr.inventory 3,000
10、 借:存货 3,000 Cr.cash 3,000 贷:现金 3,000 2)sales on account of US$10,000 赊销方式销售,收入10,000美元 Dr.account receivable 10,000 借:应收账款 10,000 Cr.sales revenue 10,000 贷:销售收入 10,000 3)paid RMB¥50,000 in salaries & wages 支付工资人民币50,000元 Dr.wages & salarie
11、s expense 50,000 借:职工薪酬 50,000 Cr.bank deposit 50,000 贷:银行存款 50,000 4)cash sale of US$1,180 销售收入现金1,180美元 Dr.cash 1,180 借:现金 1,180 Cr.sales revenue 1,180 贷:销售收入1,180 5)pre-paid insurance for US$12,000 预付保险费12,000美元 Dr.prepaid insurance 12,000
12、 借:预付保险 12,000 Cr.bank deposit 12,000 贷:银行存款 12,000 第二讲 存 货 授课内容和教学目标: 本专题主要讲授与存货有关的英文术语,如期初和期末的存货的表达方式,以及不同的企业中的各种存货形式。其次,通过该专题的学习,使学生掌握对有关存货在买入时和卖出时的价值计量这一类英文题目的理解和解答,及与期末存货有关的会计处理方式的英文会计分录。 1.Inventory n. 存货,库存(c.f.stock英式英语用法) 常见词组 inventory turnover 存货周转率 invent
13、ory control 存货控制 beginning inventory初始存货 ending inventory 期末存货 take a physical inventory 盘库 常见的存货形式: Type of business Type of inventory Merchandising company Merchandise inventory 商品存货 Manufacturing company Raw materials 原材料 Work in process(WIP)(处在生产过程中的)在制品,半成品 Finished goods成品
14、 2.Inventory valuation存货的价值计量 cost n. 成本,费用 direct costs 直接成本 indirect costs 间接成本 fixed costs 固定成本 cost accounting 成本会计 v. 花费 e.g. The office furniture of our company costs us $5,000. unit cost 单个成本 total cost 总成本 cost of sales (COS) = cost of goods sold(CGS)销货成本 sales r
15、evenue 销售收入 这两个词经常被放在一起做计算 Lecture examples: ①A company sold 15 computers for US$1000 each. 某公司以1000美元一台的价格售出电脑共15台。 Sales revenue: US$1,000×15 = US$15,000 [答疑编号811020101] ②A company sold 15 computers costing US$800 each for total US$15,000. 某公司销售出电脑15台,每台成本为800美元,共收入15,000美
16、元。 cost of sales: US$800×15 = US$12,000 Dr.bank deposit 15,000 借:银行存款 15,000 Cr.sales revenue 15,000 贷:主营业务收入 15,000 Dr.cost of sales 12,000 借:主营业务成本 12,000 Cr.inventory--computer 12,000 贷:库存商品—电脑 12,000 [答疑编号811020102] 3.初始成本计量 The
17、 inventory should be measured at cost. Cost includes the following: 采购成本purchase(price) 运费freight 存储storing cost 保险费insurance 税费tax 装卸费 loading and unloading cost e.g.During July, 2007, the company purchased 200 sets of sunshine brand printers at the price RMB¥410 each. RMB¥300 of freight
18、were also paid. Dr. printer 82,300 Cr. bank deposit 82,300 借:固定资产—打印机 82300 贷:银行存款 82300 4.发出存货的成本计量 Specific identification 个别计价法 unit cost × no. of unit = total cost Weighted average 加权平均法 unit Unit cost ($) Total cost ($) Unit sold Beginning
19、 inventory, May 1 500 10.00 5,000 any 1000 units among 1800 Purchase, May 7 800 10.50 8,400 Purchase, May 20 300 11.00 3,300 Purchase, May 26 200 11.20 2,240 Goods available for sale 1800 18,940÷1800 ≈10.52 ② 18,940 ① Cost of goods sold 1000 10.52 10.52×1,000=10,520 Ending
20、inventory, May 30 800 18,940-10,520 = 8,420 [答疑编号811020103] Moving average 移动平均法 First-in, First-out (FIFO) 先进先出法 unit Unit cost($) Total cost($) Unit sold Beginning inventory, May 1 500 10.00 5,000 500 Purchase, May 7 800 10.50 8,400 800 Purchase, May 20 300 11.0
21、0 3,300 200 out of 300 Purchase, May 26 200 11.20 2,240 Goods available for sale 1800 18,940 First 1500 units Cost of goods sold 1500 (500×$10.00)+(800×$10.50)+ (200×$11.00)=15,600 Ending inventory, May 30 300 18,940-15,600=3,340 [答疑编号811020104] 5.期末存货的计量 ending i
22、nventory Lower of cost or market rule (LCM rule) 成本与市场孰低法 Cost 成本 market value (fair value) 公允价值 carrying value账面成本 net realizable value可变现净值=estimated sale price估计售价-related costs and tax估计销售费用和税金 * contract price合同价格 sales price销售价格 存货跌价准备的计提 Dr. management cost—Dr. managemen
23、t cost-loss on market price decline of inventories 资产减值损失 Cr. reserve for market price decline of inventories 存货跌价准备 Lecture example: If the original cost of the inventory held by ABC company was US$2,000, and its estimated total sale price would be $2,100 and other ex
24、pense for the sales would be $200. The net realizable value for those inventory: US$1,900=$2,100-$200 Dr. management cost-loss on market price decline of inventories 100 Cr. reserve for market price decline of inventories 100 [答疑编号811020105] Lecture examples: At the
25、beginning of the year, Linda company held 1500 desk lamps costing RMB¥50.00 each. During the year it purchased an additional 500 lamps for RMB¥55.00 each. The company sold 1800 units. You are required to compute the cost of goods sold and ending inventory and make the necessary journal entry for
26、the business assuming FIFO method are use. By the end of the year, it was reported that the market price of this type of lamp has declined to RMB¥52.00 each. You are also required to prepare the necessary journal entry on December 31 for the company. [答疑编号811020106] ①inventory purchase
27、 Dr:inventory 27500 Cr:bank deposit 27500(500*55) ②inventory sales (FIFO method will be used to calculate the CGS) cost of goods sold(CGS)=1500*50+300*55=91500 ending inventory=1500*50+500*55-91500=11000 Dr:bank deposit *** Cr.sales revenue *** Dr:co
28、st of sales 91500 Cr. inventory--desk lamp 91500 ③reserve for market price decline of inventories net realizable value=200*52=10400 Dr: management cost-loss on market price decline of inventorie 600(11000-10400) Cr. reserve for market price decline of inventories 6
29、00 第三讲 固定资产 授课内容和教学目标: 该专题内容主要介绍常用的与固定资产有关的英文词汇、短语和经济业务描述。通过本章的教学使学生理解关于固定资产价值的计量、折旧等英文题目的理解,并进行常见的计算和会计处理。 1.Non-current assets current: adj. 流通的;当前的 current assets 流动资产 current liabilities 短期负债 non-current:加否定前缀
30、non-current assets 固定资产 non-current liabilities 长期负债 e.g.Assets are usually divided into current assets and non-current assets on the balance sheet. 2.常见的固定资产 building建筑物 plant厂房 machinery机械 equipment设备 vehicles车辆 fixture固定设施 3.固定资产的初始计量 Acquisition cost购置成本 acquire v. 获得,取得 ac
31、quisition n. e.g.Our company acquired a famous local hotel for $105,000 in October. Acquisition cost includes some other necessary costs. purchase price买价 transportation cost运费 installation cost安装费用 tax税金等 *historical cost:原始成本 Lecture example e.g.ABC company purchased a piece
32、 of equipment with a list price(价目表价格)of RMB¥60,000 on January 1, 2008.The following cost was related to the equipment purchase: fright cost of ¥1,000 were incurred; a pollution-control device was compulsively required to be installed at a cost of ¥2,500; loading and unloading fee of ¥800.pl
33、ease calculate the acquisition cost of the equipment. [答疑编号811030101] List price ¥60,000 freight costs 1,000 pollution-control 2,500 loading and unloading fee 800 total Acquisition Cost ¥64,300 fair value 公允价值 market value 市场价值 Lecture example Edison company owns a ch
34、ain of restaurants.On January 1, 2008, the company acquired a restaurant from its competitor for $40,000.The fair value of the assets was assessed as following: the building had a market value of $35,000, the equipments had the fair value of $10,000 and the fixtures of $5,000. Q: what’s the acqui
35、sition cost of each asset? Prepare a journal entry to record the acquisition. [答疑编号811030102] Total acquisition cost: $40,000 Total fair value of the acquired assets: $35,000+$10,000+$5,000=$50,000 Market Value Acquisition Cost building 35,000 28,000 =40,000×(35,000÷50,000) equipm
36、ent 10,000 8,000 =40,000×(10,000÷50,000) fixture 5,000 4,000 =40,000×(5,000÷50,000) 50,000 40,000 Dr.building 28,000 Dr.equipment 8,000 Dr.fixture 4,000 Cr.bank deposit 40,000 借:固定资产――建筑物 28,000 ――设备 8,000 ――固定设施 4,000 贷:银行存款 40,000 4.Depreciation折旧
37、 depreciation n. 折旧,损耗(有些资产)amortization 摊销(无形资产) accumulated depreciation 累积折旧 depreciation expense 折旧费用 depreciate v. depreciable adj. · depreciation base折旧基数— historical cost of assets * book value /carrying value 账目价值(=historical cost – accumulated depreciation) · estima
38、ted residual value/ estimated salvage value预计净残值 estimated adj. 预计的,估计的→estimate v. 估计,判断,估价 residual adj. 残留的,剩余的 salvage n. 海上救助,海上打捞,从灾难中抢救出的财物,残留物,残余物 * depreciable amount = depreciation base—estimated residual value · estimated useful life 预计使用年限(No.of years)/(No.of production u
39、nits) useful life 使用寿命,使用年限 · 固定资产已提的减值准备 · methods: a.straight-line method直线折旧法,平均年限法 b.units of production method工作量法 Accelerated depreciation 加速折旧法: c.double-declining balance method双倍余额递减法 d.sum-of-the-years' digits method年数总和法 journal entry 与折旧有关的会计分录 Dr.deprecia
40、tion expense 折旧费用 Cr.accumulated depreciation 累计折旧 Lecture examples: 1)Straight-line depreciation depreciable amount 可折旧金额 = depreciation expense of each year(年折旧额) estimated useful life(year)尚可使用年限 Leo company purchased a laundry equipment on Sept.1, 2007, for $60,000.The equ
41、ipment has an estimated useful life of 5 years and an estimated residual value of $6,000.The company is comparing the use of the straight-line method and the units-of-production method to depreciate the asset.The equipment will be used to produce 10,000 units in the first two years and 20,000 units
42、in the following three years.. Please calculate the depreciation expense, the accumulated depreciation, and the book value of the equipment under both methods for each of the five years of the asset’s life. [答疑编号811030103] *$60,000 cost; 5 year life; $6,000 residual value Depreciation e
43、xpense of each year in 5 years:($60,000-$6,000)÷5=$10,800 Year 1 2 3 4 5 Depreciation expense 10,800 10,800 10,800 10,800 10,800 Historical cost 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 Accumulated depreciation 10,800 21,600 32,400 43,200 54,000 Book value 49,200 38,400 27,600
44、 16,800 6,000 2)Units of production depreciable amount = depreciation expense/unit(每单位产品的折旧额) units production生产的产品产量 Depreciation expense of each unit in 5 years:($60,000﹣$6,000)÷80,000=$0.675 Depreciation expense of each year=depreciation expense of each unit ×No.of units pr
45、oduced in that year [答疑编号811030104] Year 1 2 3 4 5 Depreciation expense 6,750 6,750 13,500 13,500 13,500 Historical cost 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 Accumulated depreciation 6,750 13,500 27,000 40,500 54,000 Book value 53,250 46,500 33,000 19,500 6,000 3)
46、Double-declining balance book value at start of period 期初账面价值×double straight-line rate双倍折旧率= depreciation expense for that period当期折旧费用 *book value(carrying value)账面价值 = cost of asset资产的成本 - accumulated depreciation累计折旧 straight-line rate平均年限法折旧率 = 1÷no.of years(estimated useful life)折旧年限
47、 double straight-line rate 双倍余额法折旧率= 2×straight-line rate平均年限法折旧率 4)Sum-of-the-years' digits 年数总和法 depreciable amount ′years left at beg.of period期初剩余使用年限 sum of the years' digits年数数位的总和 本章小节: 在固定资产这一章当中,主要介绍了固定资产折旧的情况,除此之外,固定资产还会涉及到固定资产的处置,比如固定资产的损毁、固定资产的出售以及固定资产抵债的一些相
48、关的内容。 第四讲 常用会计科目的英文名称 1.资产类科目Assets 现金:Cash and cash equivalents 银行存款:Bank deposit 应收账款:Account receivable 应收票据:Notes receivable 应收股利:Dividend receivable 应收利息:Interestreceivable 其他应收款:Other receivables 原材料:Raw materials 在途物资:Materials in transport 库存商品:i
49、nventory 存货跌价准备:provision forthe declinein value ofinventories 坏账准备:Bad debt provision 待摊费用:Prepaid expense 交易性金融资产:Trading financial assets 持有至到期投资:held-to-maturity investment 可供出售金融资产:Available-for-sale financial assets 短期投资:Short-term investment 长期股权投资:Long-term equi
50、ty investment 固定资产:Fixed assets 累计折旧:Accumulated depreciation 在建工程:Construction-in-process 固定资产减值准备:provision for the decline in value of fixed assets 无形资产:Intangible assets 累计摊销:Accumulated amortization 商誉:Goodwill 递延所得税资产:deferred tax assets (DTA ) 2.负债类Liability 短期






