独立主格结构完美总结(附习题).doc

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独立主格结构的用法说明与注意点

一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念
独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：
1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

二、独立主格结构的常见形式
独立主格类型1：名词（代词）+现在分词
The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。
The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。

独立主格类型2：名词（代词）+过去分词
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。
More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。

独立主格类型3：名词（代词）+不定式
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。

独立主格类型4：名词（代词）+介词短语
The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。

独立主格类型5：名词（代词）+形容词或副词
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。

独立主格类型6：There being +名词（代词）
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。

 独立主格类型7：It being +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
说明：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如：
Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了.

三、英语独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语
The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
2. 用作条件状语
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 用作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
5. 表示补充说明
A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。

四、使用独立主格结构的几点注意
1. 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：
After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
2. 在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略：
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
(2) 在There being＋名词的结构中。如：
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
3. 在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。
比较with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。如：
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。
比较动名词复合结构：
The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.
5. 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：
The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。
Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。

独立主格结构中的非谓语动词用法

独立主格结构的基本形式是“名词或代词+形容词（副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等）”。本文主要归纳“名词或代词+非谓语动词”这一结构的用法。
1. 名词或代词+不定式
其中的不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。如：
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。
We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。
2. 名词或代词+现在分词
其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。如：
She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。
We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide. 由彼得作向导，我们探查了那些洞穴。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
注：有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况。如：
Their room was on the third floor, it’s window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。
3. 名词或代词+过去分词
其中的过去分词通常表示被动意义。如：
Everyone helped John not excepted. 大家都来帮忙，约翰也不例外。
All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。
This done, they next set to clean the room. 做完这件事之后，他们接下来就开始清理房间。
She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。

【现学现用】1
1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year.
A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed
2. All things _________, I think we ought to give the job to George.
A. considered  B. considering C. to consider D. being considered
3. The river _________ in the night, the crossing was impossible.
A to rise B. rose C. having risen D. being risen
4. More time _________, we should have done the job much better.
A. to give B. give C. being given D. given
5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _________. (from )
A. permits B. permitting C. to permit D. permitted
6. The monitor _________ ill, we’d better put the meeting off.
A. being B. to be C. been D. to have been
7. An important lecture _________ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night.
A. to be B. being C. been D. to have been
8. He was lying on the grass, his hands _________ under his head.
A. to cross B. crossed C. crossing D. to be crossing
9. Tom _________ late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.
A. having been  B. been C. to be D. to being
10. Other things _________ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one.
A. being B. to be C. been D. having been

【参考答案】1—5 CACDB 6—10 AABAA

【现学现用】2
1. A new technique _______, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
A)working out C) having been worked out
B) having worked out D)to have been worked out

2. All things _______, the planned trip will have to be called off. A) considered B) be considered C) considering D) having considered

3. All flights _______ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
A) had been canceled B) have been canceled C) were canceled
D) having been canceled

4. So many directors _______, the board meeting had to be put off.
A) were absent B) been absent C) had been absent D) being absent

5. All the tasks _______ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.
A) been fulfilled B) having been fulfilled C) were fulfilled D) had been fulfilled

6. All flights _______ because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train.
A) having been canceled　 C) having canceled 　B) had been canceled　
D) were canceled

7.The speech _______, a lively discussion started.
A) being delivered B) was delivered C) be delivered D) having been delivered

8. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _______ it closely.
A)followed B) following C) to follow D)being following

9. _______, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
A) Other things being equal C) To be equal to other things
B) Were other things equal D) Other things to be equal

10. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _______ on benches，chairs or boxes.A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having been seated

11. _______ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn't go on with the experiment.
A) Since B) For C) As D) With

12. _______ in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city.
A) being the fourth biggest city B) It was once the fourth biggest city
C) Once the fourth biggest city D) The fourth biggest city it was

答案：CDBDB AABACDC

【现学现用】3
1. The meeting____ over, we all left the room. （上海1987）
A. is B. to be C. being D. would be

2. European football is played in 80 countries, it___ the most popular sport in the world. （NMET1998）A. making B. makes C. made D. to make

3. ___such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. （NMET2001）
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered

4. The fish____ bad, the children left much of it .
A. tasted, untouched B. tasting, untouched
C. tasting, untouching D. tasted, untouching
w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
5.___ from what you say, he ought to succeed.
A. Judged B. Judging C. When you judged D. Because you judge

6. Everything___ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.
A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taking

7.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work ______, we didn’taccept the offer.
A.not being finished B.not having finished
C.had not been finished D.was not finished

8.There are various kinds of metals, each ______ its own properties (特性).
A.has B.had C.to have D.having

9.The old man stood under a big tree, ______.
A.a pipe in mouth B.with a pipe in mouth C.pipe in mouth D.pipe in his mouth

10.The production ______ steadily the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material.
A.has gone up B.is going up C.having gone up D.being gone up

1.C 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.B 6. 7.A，但是最好是not having been finished 8.D 9.C 10.C

独立主格结构巩固练习1
1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.  
A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D.There were
2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.  
A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting
3._____, we all went home happily.  
A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said
C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said  
4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.  
A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather
C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather  
5. ____, the bus started at once.  
A. The signal was given B. The signal giving
C. The signal given D. When the signal given  
6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.  
A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down
C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down
7. ____, the leaves are turning green.  
A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on  
C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on
8. _____, I had to buy a new one.  
A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost
C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost
9. I used to sleep with the window _____.  
A. opened B. open C. opening D to open
10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.  
A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder  
C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder
11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.  
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.  
A. do B. doing C. done D. to do  
13. He stood there silently, his lips_____.  
A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling  
14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.  
A. All things considering B. All things considered
C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered
15. ______, we will surely succeed.  
A. The teacher helping us B. The teacher to help us
C. The teacher will help us D. With the teacher helping

答案：
1-5BCCAC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 CDABB

独立主格结构巩固练习2
1.The thief stood before the policeman,____ admitting what he had done.
A.with his drooping head B.drooping his head
C.raising his head D.with his head down

2.__________ ,he can't go out for a walk as usual.
A.With so much work to do B.With so much work doing
C.With so much work done D.Without so much work to do

3.It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth _______and his eyes __________ .
A.closed;open B.closed;opened
C.closing;open D.closing;opening

4.All things __________ ,the plan trip will have to be called off.
A.be considered B.considered
C.considering D.having considering

5.__________ ,we have to get down to business right away.
A.As there was no time left B.There is no time left
C.There being no time left D.There to be no time left

6.__________ yesterday,we went out for a walk.
A.As a fine day B.It was a fine day
C.It being a fine day D.For it was a fine day w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m

7.The old man stood there,__________ .
A.with back against the wall B.with his back against the wall
C.with back against wall D.his back against wall

答案: 1—5 DAABC 6—7 CB

独立主格结构巩固练习3
1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.
A. There was B. There being C. Because there being
2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.
A. Time permits B. If time permitting
C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting
3. ____ we all went home happily.
A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said
C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said
4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.
A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather
C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather
5. _ the bus started at once.
A. The signal was given B. The signal giving
C. The signal given D. When the signal given
6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down
C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down
7. ____, the leaves are turning green.
A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on
C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on
8. _____, I had to buy a new one.
A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost
C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost
9. I used to sleep with the window _____.
A. opened B. open C. opening D to open
10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.
A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder
C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun b