Grammarfocus语法撮要.doc

Grammar focus 语法撮要
主谓一致
如皋市第一中学 陆志彬 李萍
【考点导航】
1. Either you or one of your students to attend the ;meeting that is due tomorrow. (2009·湖南)
A. are B. is C.have D.be
2. The teacher together with the students discussing Reading Skills that
newly published in America. (2009·四川)
A. are; were B. is; were C. are; was D. is; was
3. We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks so small that a day is unimportant. ( 2007·湖南)
A. is B. are C. has been D.have been
4. Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and
where yet. (2007·浙江)
A. hasn’t been decided B.haven’t decided C. isn’t being decided D. aren’t decided
 解析：
1. 答案：B
解析：此题考查主谓一致的用法。主语由either…or…连接时，遵循就近一致的原则，根据one of your students，谓语动词用单数，故答案为B项。
2. 答案：D
解析：此题考查主谓一致的用法。第一空：当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with等短语时，谓语动词依然和主语保持一致；第二空：专用名词，如：书名、剧名、报刊名、国家（组织）名等，通常作单数用，故答案为D项。
3. 答案：A.
解析：此题考查主谓一致的用法。主语是time, 当表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时，通常被视作整体，谓语动词用单数。 of days and weeks修饰time，因此，谓语动词用单数。故答案为A项。
4. 答案：A.
解析：此题考查主谓一致的用法。当从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词一律视作一个整体，谓语动词用单数，且yet通常与现在完成时连用。故答案为A项。
【重点归纳】
在英语中，能够充当主语的成分除了常见的名词、代词，还有非谓语、句子等等，那么如何使这些主语和它的谓语动词保持一致就成了英语学习中的一个重要课题，也是历来高考拟题关注的热点。现总结主谓一致的几点原则如下：
<一>语法一致原则
1. 从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词一律视作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
如：To find information on the Internet is easy, but to put it into your own words requires skill
Nodding the head means agreement, while shaking it means disagreement.
Note：在大多数情况下，由what引导的名词性从句作主语时，主句的谓语动词用单数形式。但是在下列情况下，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。
（1）如果主语是两个(或两个以上)的名词性从句，谓语动词常用复数。
如：Jack often says to his friend, “What I say and think are no business of yours.”
(2) 在以what引导的从句为主语的SVC（主语+谓语+补语）的结构中如果主语补足语为复数，则谓语动词也可以是复数。
What they need are promises and actions. 他们所需要的是承诺和行动。
2. 两个或两个以上的并列主语由and连接时，如果表示不同概念，谓语动词用复数；如果表示同一概念，谓语动词用单数。
如：Class One and Class Two are taught by Miss Cheng.
Going to bed early and getting up early ia a good habit.
3. 当主语+along with，with，as well as，together with， no less than，besides，except， but， including, like, unlike等短语时，谓语动词依然和主语保持一致。
如：Mary as well as the other students in her class learned dancing when she was four years old.
Our school, with some few schools, was built in the 1980s by the local government.
4. 由many a ,more than one修饰单数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数。
More than one student has been sent to Australia for further study.
5. 由“the number of ,a/ the / this pair ( form, kind, type, glass ) of, either ( neither ) of +名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。
There is a pair of shoes left in your suitcase.
6. 在定语从句中，谓语动词总是与先行词保持一致；若先行词为“one of +复数名词”时，谓语动词用复数；若先行词为“the only one of +复数名词”时，谓语动词则用单数。
Those who break the law will be punished one day.
This is one of the most interesting questions that attract most of the students’ attention.
She is the only one of the youngest students who acts best in the band.
<二>意义一致原则
1. 当表示时间、距离、金额、度量、书名、报刊名、国家（组织）名等词语作主语时，通常被视作整体，谓语动词用单数。
如：如：The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.
The selected Poems of Shelly was published long ago.
Tom asked his father for some money to buys books ,saying “ 10 dollars is enough .”
2.加减乘除等数学运算谓语动词通常用单数。
如：Four times four makes 16.
3. 如果主语由“the + 形容词分词）”担任时，往往根据意义一致的原则来决定谓语的单复数形式。如果指一类人，谓语动词用复数；如果指个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。
The old should be taken good care of in every country.
He is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.
4. 英语中有一类单、复数同形的词（people，means，sheep，deer，fish，Chinese, works等），其单、复数取决于它在句中的含义。
如：Every possible means has been tried out in order to live his dream.
All the possible means have been tried out in order to live his dream.
5. 当主语与all， none， any，some等不定代词、形容词连用时，应根据具体句意，来决定其后的谓语动词的单复数。
如：All he had to do was what I told him to the other day.
6. “…+ (of) +名词”结构描述数量时，如果“of”后的名词为单数（不可数名词），则谓语动词用单数，如果名词为复数，则谓语动词用复数。
如：80% of the land has been irrigated since the new euipment was brought in.
Some of the stuents have been sent to clean the playground; the rest remain reading in the classroom.
6. 词组“a number of， a great/good many， a group of +可数名词复数”的结构作主语时，谓语动词应用复数；如果冠词a变为the，则谓语动词用单数。
如：A number of students in our class have seen the film.
　　Because of the bird flu the number of the visitors has decreased this year.
7. 英语的集体名词（committee, crowd, family, public, group, party, team, class, club, company, union等词），指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。
如：My family has moved here since I was a child.
The whole class are watching the football match now.
<三>就近原则
1. 当由并列结构或连词（either…or， neither…nor，not…but， not only…but also， or等）连接并列主语时，谓语动词与靠近的那个名词或代词保持一致。
如：Neither his parents nor Tom has gone to America.
2. 在倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。
如：There is a book and some pens on the teacher’s desk.
Here comes the bus and two cars.
3. 在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。
如： It’s I who am to blame for one such thing.
<四>个体原则
1. and连结的两个或多个主语前如果有each, every, no等修饰语时（后面的一个有时也可省略），后面的谓语动词用单数形式。
如：In this company every man and every woman is busy with working at this time.
2. each， either， neither 或由some,any, no, every 构成的合成代词（somebody，nobody，everything，anything等）作主语时谓语动词用单数。
如：In our class each of us has been has read the book.
Neither of them is interested in English.
Is Everything OK with you?
3. “one and a half + 复数名词”作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。
如：One and a half apples has been given to each child.
4. 当一些由两部分构成的表示衣物或工具的名词作主语时，通常谓语动词用复数，如glasses， scissors， shoes，trousers，pants，gloves，stockings等。但如果前面有a /the pair of；a /the suit of等词语时，则谓语动词要用单数。
如：Her trousers are beautiful indeed.
A pair of new shoes is in your suitcase.
5. 以“-s”结尾的“复数”名词（例如；一些学科名词mathematics， physics， politics等），或以“-s”结尾的地点名词、人名等词后面的谓语动词通常用单数。
如：James is a common name in western countries.
Physics is his favourite subject.
6. 名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况只指商店、公共建筑物、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。
My aunt’s is not very far from here.

【巩固提高】
1. A survey of the opinions of experts that three hours of outdoor exercise a
week good for one’s health. (2007·江西)
A. shows; is B. show; are C. shows; are D. show; is
2. —Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _________to go to university.
—So do I .(上海·1998)
A.hope B.hopes C.hoping D.hoped
3.The number of people invited _________ fifty, but a number of them __________ absent for different reasons.（NMET·1996）
A.were; was B.was; was C.was; were D.were; were
4．All the possible means tried out, but no agreement has been reached
A. is B. are C. has been D. have been
5．It is said that Tom’s family very big and all of his family music．
A．are；1ove B．is；love C. are；1oves D．is；1oves
6．It Jack and Frank who killed in the earthquake．
A．are；have been B．is；are C．is；have been D．is；has been
7．Last Sunday the poor woman with her two children in a street corner．
A．was seen beg B．was seen begging
C．were seen beg D．were seen begging
8．In that country three-fourths of the land by forest and grass since two years ago．
A．has covered B．are to be covered
C．have been covered D. has been covered
9. It was reported that the writer and teacher to the party the other day ．
A．is invited B．was invited C．had invited D．invited
10．On a rainy day the witness said that there a driver and a number of broken wine bottles beside the high way when the police arrived．
A．was B．were C．had been D．would be
11．I，not you， to blame for this accident．Not I but William been invited to the party．
A．was；has B．were；has C．were；have D．was；have
12．Every teacher and every student the opening ceremony of the 29th Olmpic games held in Beijing at that time．
A．watched B．were watching C．was watching D．has watched
解析：
1. 答案为A。本题考查“…+ (of) 名词”结构描述数量时，如果“of”后的名词为单数（不可数名词），则谓语动词用单数; 如果名词为复数，则谓语动词用复数。
2．答案为B。本题考查不定代词either、neither、each、one、the other、another以及所有的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词应采用单数形式，排除A。选项C是非谓语动词的一种，不能单独作谓语，亦应排除。根据答语中的时态又可排除选项D。
3. 答案为C。本题考查the number of和a number of 的区别。“the number of + 复数名词/代词”结构中的中心词是number,“a number of + 复数名词/代词”结构中的中心词是of后的复数名词或代词，故谓语动词分别用单、复数。解题关键在于仔细区分哪个是真正的主语。
4. 答案为D。英语中有一类单、复数同型的词（people，means，sheep，deer，fish等），其单、复数取决于它在句中的含义,由于means前有all修饰，因此为复数意义，在根据句意应该用现在完成时，所以选D。
5. 答案为B。本题考查英语中当集体名词（committee, crowd, family, public, group, party, team, class, club, company, union等词）指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。第一空family是指他的家庭整体，所以用单数；而第二空是指他的家庭成员，因此用复数。
6. 答案为C。在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。
7. 答案为B。当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with， no less than，besides，except， but， including等短语时，和最前面的主语保持一致。
8. 答案为D。“…+ (of) +名词”结构描述数量时，如果“of”后的名词为单数（不可数名词），则谓语动词用单数，如果名词为复数，则谓语动词用复数。.
9. 答案为B。句中the writer and teacher为同一个人，故谓语动词用单数,而且the other day 与过去时连用。
10. 答案为A。there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。
11. 答案为A。第一空根据主谓一致中的语法一致的原则，当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with， no less than，besides，except， but， including等短语时，谓语动词不受这些插入语的干扰，依然和主语保持一致；第二空根据就近原则，由并列结构或连词（either…or， neither…nor，not…but， not only…but also， or等）连接的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近的那个名词或代词保持一致。
12. 答案为C。根据主谓一致中的个体原则，当and连结的两个或多个主语前如果有each, every, no等修饰语时，后面的谓语动词用单数形式。

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