1、单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,C-t-E TranslationC-t-E Translation,*,第七次课-句子的翻译2,句子翻译中常见的方法包括:,换序译法,转态译法,断句译法,合句译法,正反译法,2024/12/18 周三,2,C-t-E Translation,换序译法,语序指句子成分排列的次序,它是词语和句子成分之间关系的体现,反映语言使用者的逻辑思维和心理结构模式。,英汉语都以,主语,+,谓语,+,宾语或施事,+,行为,+,受事,为基本语序;就施事,、,行为和受事的顺序而言,汉语语序排列比英语灵活。,2024/12/1
2、8 周三,3,C-t-E Translation,中国批评界怎样的趋势,我却不大了解,也不很注意,。,I am not too clear,nor too interested,regarding current trends in Chinas literary criticism.,沙发上坐着一个人。,A man was,sitting on the couch.,约翰的中国之行,给他留下最深刻印象的是杭州西湖之秀美。,The beauty of the West Lake in Hangzhou,was what impressed John most during his trip t
3、o China.,2024/12/18 周三,4,C-t-E Translation,早晨的公园里,遛鸟者时常可见。,Early in the park,we,often see people walk with caged birds in hand.,People taking a walk in parks with caged birds in hand,is a common scene in the early morning.,父亲母亲的形象至今还能回忆起一点儿,但很模糊。,Even today I can recollect what my own parents looked
4、 like but,of course,quite blurry.,2024/12/18 周三,5,C-t-E Translation,状语换序,定语换序,句间换序,2024/12/18 周三,6,C-t-E Translation,状语位置调整,在汉语中,状语一般位于主语和谓语之间,呈主语,状语,谓语,宾语模式。,他,每晚,都要看电视。,有时为了强调,也可放在主语之前,如:,几十年来,,我经常想到这一只狗,直到今天,我一 想到它,还会不自主地流下眼泪。,在英语中,状语一般出现在宾语后的句尾,呈主语,谓语,宾语,状语模式。,He watches TV,every evening,.,2024/
5、12/18 周三,7,C-t-E Translation,有时也可出现在句首或句中,如:,他们小心翼翼地观察这个化学反应。,They observed,with great care,the chemical reaction.,由于零部件之间的摩擦,大量能量被消耗在机器内部。,Inside,a machine,a great deal of energy is lost because of the friction between its parts.,2024/12/18 周三,8,C-t-E Translation,表示时间、地点和方式的状语同时使用时,在汉语中通常排列为,时间,地点,
6、方式,动词,的顺序;在英语中则通常排列为,动词,方式,地点,时间的顺序,大会将于,今年九月在北京隆重召开,。,The meeting will begin,ceremoniously in Beijing the following September,.,他,每晚都在图书馆用心读书,。,He reads,hard in the library every evening,.,2024/12/18 周三,9,C-t-E Translation,他,一九三五年八月二十二日早晨六点三十分,诞生在湖南的一个小县城。,He was born in a small town of Hunan Provi
7、nce at six thirty on the morning of August 22,1935.,会议代表,昨天上午在会议室热烈地,讨论了总理报告。,The conference delegates discussed premiers report animatedly in the meeting room yesterday morning.,2024/12/18 周三,10,C-t-E Translation,那位老人长时间住在那幢老房子里。,The old man has lived,in the old house for a long time.,在新的一年里,通过双方的努
8、力,我们的业务和友好合作关系会得到发展。,We believe we will be able to develop business relations and friendly cooperation,through our common efforts,in the coming year.,经过仔细讨论,决定立即开始修建这条铁路。,After a thorough discussion,we decided to start building the railway,right away,.,2024/12/18 周三,11,C-t-E Translation,定语位置的调整,汉语定语
9、总是放在中心词前面;英语定语位置较灵,,单词作定语时一般放在中心词之前,较长的定语如词组或介词短语则放在中心词之后,。,浩瀚的大海,the vast sea;,古老的中原文化,the time-honored Central Plain culture.,The students outside the classroom,A man with a broken left leg,A man of good manners,2024/12/18 周三,12,C-t-E Translation,关于定语的调序有两点要注意:不定代词的形容词修饰语要置于不定代词之后,如,everything pos
10、sible,;,如果使用具有表语功能的形容词作定语,也需后置,如,people alive.,此外,有些,-ible,-able,结尾的形容词作定语也要后置,如,the only wild berry edible,。,请等他一会,他有要事告诉你。,Please wait for him,and he has,something important,to tell you.,2024/12/18 周三,13,C-t-E Translation,中国现存规模最大,保存最完整的古代建筑群,The best-preserved magnificent ancient architectural co
11、mplexes in China,山东曲阜是中国古代著名思想家,教育家孔子的故乡。,Qufu,Shandong province,is the birthplace of Confucius,a well-renowned ancient Chinese thinker and teacher.,新老教师都应该互相尊重,互相学习。,Teachers,old and new,must respect and learn from each other.,2024/12/18 周三,14,C-t-E Translation,你能指给我看莎士比亚曾经住的那间屋子吗?,Can you show me
12、the house,where Shakespeare once lived?,他就是那个告诉我这个消息的人。,He is the man,who told me the news,.,所有可能的办法都试过了,但都没用。,Every way,possible,has been tried,but all in vain.,2024/12/18 周三,15,C-t-E Translation,我永远忘不了我们第一次见面的那一天。,I shall never forget the day,when we first met,.,这是他以前在伦敦居住的地方。,That is the place he
13、 stayed,when he was in London.,只有在河水很浅的地方我们才能涉水而过。,We can only ford,where the river is very shallow,.,2024/12/18 周三,16,C-t-E Translation,他是一个值得同情的人。,He is a man,deserving of sympathy,.,日本和我国是一衣带水的邻邦。,Japan is our close neighbor,separated only by a narrow strip of water,.,出席大会的所有人都深受鼓舞。,Everybody,pre
14、sent,at the conference,felt greatly encouraged.,2024/12/18 周三,17,C-t-E Translation,那一座书架上的书都是有关生态学的。,The books,on that shelf,are all on ecology.,大街上奔跑着各种品牌的汽车。,Cars,of different brands,run along the street.,正月十五元宵夜,街上挂着各式各样精巧的灯笼。,On the evening of the Lantern Festival,the 15,th,of the first lunar mo
15、nth,exquisite lanterns,of diverse designs,are hung along the streets.,2024/12/18 周三,18,C-t-E Translation,设在位于纽约市中心一座摩天大楼第四十层楼里的那间办公室,就是他工作的小天地。,The office,on the fortieth floor of a skyscraper in the center of New York City,is the world,he works in,.,这所大学现有计算机科学、高能物理、激光、地球物理、遥感技术、遗传工程等,6,个新建专业。,This
16、 university has 6 newly established faculties,namely,Computer Science,High Energy Physics,Laser,Geo-physics,Remote Sensing,and Genetic Engineering,.,2024/12/18 周三,19,C-t-E Translation,Exercise,他是依然健在的最伟大的作家。,这是可能取得的最令人满意的结果了。,除了汤姆没有别人看到这起事故。,你方尽可放心,我们所报价格是目前市场上最低的。,史密斯先生多次在紧急时刻助我一臂之力。,会议没能取得一致意见就结束了
17、发生了这样的事情不是你的错。,首先解决付款条件对我们是非常必要的。,2024/12/18 周三,20,C-t-E Translation,他是依然健在的最伟大的作家。,He is the greatest writer,alive,.,这是可能取得的最令人满意的结果了。,This is the most satisfactory result,obtainable,.,除了汤姆没有别人看到这起事故。,No one else,but Tom,saw the accident.,你方尽可放心,我们所报价格是目前市场上最低的。,You may rest assured that the pric
18、e,we offered,is the best,in the market,.,2024/12/18 周三,21,C-t-E Translation,史密斯先生多次在紧急时刻助我一臂之力。,Many a time,has Mr.Smith given me a hand,in emergency,.,会议没能取得一致意见就结束了。,The meeting ended,in disagreement.,发生了这样的事情不是你的错。,It is not your fault,that this has happened.,首先解决付款条件对我们是非常必要的。,It is necessary fo
19、r us,to settle the terms of payment first.,2024/12/18 周三,22,C-t-E Translation,句间的语序调整,叙事和表意的顺序,无论是汉语还是英语,在句子中既有叙事部分,又有表意部分,在汉语句子中,叙事在前,表意在后,而且前者可长,后者较短。,我们听了你的学术报告之后,都非常高兴。,We were very delighted,at listening to your academic report.,人类没有空气就无法生存,这是十分自然的。,It is very natural,that man couldnt live with
20、out air.,2024/12/18 周三,23,C-t-E Translation,我来到厦门大学教书,完全是一种意外的收获。,It has been an unexpected,piece of luck for me to become a teacher at Xiamen University.,他晚上开车经过山区真是太危险了。,It is very dangerous for,him to drive his car through the mountainous areas in the evening.,居然没有一个人倾听这个意见,真是太遗憾了。,It is a pity t
21、hat,nobody should be on the listen.,你送来这么多优秀图书,我们甚感高兴。,We felt very delighted,at your giving us many best books.,2024/12/18 周三,24,C-t-E Translation,就分句间的相对位置而言,汉语的顺序相对比较固定,一般按照先因后果,语序与时序相一致的原则。而英语比较灵活,语序与时序常常不一致。,我走过地板时,一块板子吱吱作响。,A board creaked as I crossed the floor.,2024/12/18 周三,25,C-t-E Transla
22、tion,你丈夫念书,你挣钱养家,他不会感到不自在吧。,I hope your husband doesnt feel bad about it,with him studying and you earning money.,女主人已经离开人世,再没有人喂它了。它好像已经意识到这一点。,He must have been aware,that nobody was going to feed him after the death of his mistress.,2024/12/18 周三,26,C-t-E Translation,他比赛失败,我感到很惊讶。,I was not a lit
23、tle surprised,that he lost the game.,He lost the game,;,I felt very much surprised,.,他正在和一个穿着红色上衣和蓝色牛仔裤的女孩儿说话。,He is talking to a girl,who is in red shirt and blue jeans,.,他很少骑自行车上班。,Seldom does,he go to work,by bike,.,2024/12/18 周三,27,C-t-E Translation,第四节 换 序 译 法,来夏威夷之前我从来没见过如此美丽的地方。,我们可以看见被太阳照亮的那
24、部分月亮。,村子中间有一条小河流过。,保护视力对每个人,特别是正处于生理发育时期的青少年十分必要。,他一到车站,车就来了。,2006,年中国发生了很多变化,尤其是农业的发展。,我做得还不够好。,我有一件重要的事情要告诉你。,有需要就有竞争,这是市场经济的特定逻辑。,只有通过努力学习,你才能把以前失去的补回来。,Exercise,2024/12/18 周三,28,C-t-E Translation,第四节 换 序 译 法,来夏威夷之前我从来没见过如此美丽的地方。,Never have I seen,such a beautiful place before I came to Hawaii.,我
25、们可以看见被太阳照亮的那部分月亮。,We can see the part of the moon,lighted by sunlight.,村子中间有一条小河流过。,There flows,a river across/through the village.,2024/12/18 周三,29,C-t-E Translation,保护视力对每个人,特别是正处于生理发育时期的青少年十分必要。,It is necessary,for everybody,especially the growing children and teenagers,to preserve their eyesight
26、他一到车站,车就来了。,Hardly,had he arrived at the station,when,the bus came.,2006,年中国发生了很多变化,尤其是农业的发展。,In 2006,China witnessed,many changes,especially the progress in agricultural development.,2024/12/18 周三,30,C-t-E Translation,第四节 换 序 译 法,我做得还不够好。,What I have done is not good enough.,我有一件重要的事情要告诉你。,I have
27、something important,to tell you.,需求决定市场,,这,是市场经济的特定逻辑。,One special law of the market economy,is that demand decides market.,只有通过努力学习,你才能把以前失去的补回来。,Only by working hard,can you make up for what you have lost before.,2024/12/18 周三,31,C-t-E Translation,英语语态比较:,英语里被动语态是一种常见的语法现象,使用频率比汉语的被动式高,尤其是在一些正式的文
28、体中。,汉语常用主动式、意义被动式,而少用结构被动式。,转态译法,2024/12/18 周三,32,C-t-E Translation,英、汉都有主动语态和被动语态之分,但是对于两种语态的运用却不尽相同。一般来说,,英语里运用被动语态的频率明显高于汉语。从句法角度看,英语重形合,注重句法结构和表达形式。当主动式不便于表达时,出于造句的需要或修辞的考虑,往往采用被动式。,此外,从文体的角度看,某些文体较多使用被动句,以迎合其表达的需要。,这类信息性的文体主要指,科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体及论述文体,。科技论文注重事理和活动的客观叙述,力戒作者的主观臆断,因而常常避免提及施事。新闻报道注重口气客
29、观、间接,叙事翔实,施事往往难以言明,也不宜言明。公文则注重叙述公正、无私,口气客观、正式。英语有过分使用被动语态的倾向。正式文体尤其如此。,2024/12/18 周三,33,C-t-E Translation,尽管英语的被动意义有时可以不用被动式来表达,但总的说来,,英语常用结构被动式,少用意义被动式。与此相反,汉语则常用意义被动式,少用结构被动式。,这一差异主要是因为:不想说出、不必或无法说出施动者时,汉语可采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式。英语注重句子结构齐整,句中不能没有主语,只好采用被动式或其他句式,以便于把施动者省略或隐含起来。,2024/12/18 周三,34,C-t-
30、E Translation,英、汉中都有一些句子从语法结构上看是主动句,而从逻辑意义上看,主语却是谓语动词所表示动作的承受者,我们称之为,意义被动句,(,notional passive sentences),。,但是英语中能用于意义被动句作谓语的及物动词比汉语要少得多。,例如:,这些书,卖不掉,。,The books dont sell,.,那支笔,好写,。,The pen writes easily.,困难克服了。,The difficulties have been overcome.,鱼捉住了。,The fish was caught.,2024/12/18 周三,35,C-t-E T
31、ranslation,英语语法上的被动句由系动词和动词的过去分词构成,即“,be+,动词的过去分词”。,汉语的动词无词形变化,因此被动句无一定的语法形式,只是靠介词或助词“被”等词来构成,因而在汉语中哪些句型是被动句,显得含糊不清。,汉语的被动句分为两种,,,即有形式标志的被动句和无形式标志的被动句。,有形式标记的被动句,指句中有以下词汇标示的句子:“被、受、遭、给、挨、叫、让、使、加以、予以、为,所、是,的、在,中”等。,无形式标记的被动句,是指汉语中那些以“,受事主语,+,谓语,”的句子,,其形式是主动的,但意义是被动的,。,2024/12/18 周三,36,C-t-E Translati
32、on,英语除谓语动词用形态的变化表示被动外,也可利用词汇本身来表达被动含义。,(主要有名词、介词短语和形容词),名词:,他的(被)提升,his promotion,他的(被)解雇,his discharge,他的(被)提名,his nomination,介词短语,:,受罚,on penalty,受冷落,on the shelve/out in the cold,受,的影响,under the influence of,受到批判,under criticism,2024/12/18 周三,37,C-t-E Translation,形容词,:,受欢迎,be welcome,受,制约的,be sub
33、jected to,受,剥夺的,be deprived of,另外,动名词和不定式的主动式有时也含有被动含义。,动名词,(,v-ing,),在某些 动词,(,need,want,require,,,deserve,be worth,),后作宾语,=,to be v-ed,。,在,easy,difficult,impossible,hard,safe,等形容词后,动词不定式的主动式体现出被动意义,。,2024/12/18 周三,38,C-t-E Translation,有一个小孩需要照顾。,There is a child who,needs looking after,.,所有的汽车都需要定期
34、检修。,All cars,require servicing,regularly.,这些墙都该粉刷了。,The walls,need whitewashing,.,这夹克很容易洗。,The jacket,is easy to wash,.,这个钱不可能省。,The money,is impossible to save,.,2024/12/18 周三,39,C-t-E Translation,英汉语态差异,翻译策略,英语被动语态使用普遍,除表示“不幸”的被动句子可以译成汉语的被动语态外,其余带被动语态的句子一般转译为汉语的主动语态,其具体的处理方法根据句子本身的结构和语气而定。,汉语被动语态受
35、限,汉语中形式主动、意义被动的句子、“是,+,动词,+,的”的判断句、一些带泛指主语的句子、一些表示通知、邀请、请求或动员的句子一般转译为英语的被动语态,以传达原文的语气,2024/12/18 周三,40,C-t-E Translation,在汉译英时,把汉语的主动语态转译为英语的被动语态的情况主要有以下类型:,(一)形式主动、意义被动的句子,(,二,)“,是,+,动词,+,的”的判断句,(三)汉语的部分无主句,(四)一些带泛指主语的句子,(五)汉语中一些特殊的无主句结构,(,六,),表示通知、邀请、请求或动员的句子,2024/12/18 周三,41,C-t-E Translation,(一)
36、形式主动、意义被动的句子,即没有“被”字的被动式,这种句式在形式上看不出它和主动式的区别,只在意义上看得出来。一般属于下列两种情况之一,:(1),主事者(即施事者或动作发出者)没有说出的必要,或说不出主事者为何人;,(2),主语为,无生之物,无所谓或不企望的事,,则“被”字不能用。这些句子在译为英语时最好转化为英语的被动语态,以保持原文的语气和结构。,2024/12/18 周三,42,C-t-E Translation,困难克服了,工作完成了,问题也解决了。,The difficulties have been overcome,the work done and the problem so
37、lved.,军备竞赛必须制止。,Military competition must be prohibited.,文章总算写完了。,The article has finally been finished.,2024/12/18 周三,43,C-t-E Translation,(,二,)“,是,+,动词,+,的”的判断句,如果汉语句子中“是”后面接的是动词,而且句子表达的是科学或客观的现象,原文也没有表明动作的发出者,这样的句子一般译为英语的被动语态。,例:,知识分子的问题就是在这样的基础上提出来的。,The question of the intellectuals has been ra
38、ised on such a basis.,2024/12/18 周三,44,C-t-E Translation,任何国家的主权都是不容侵犯的。,The sovereignty of any country must be respected.,语言是在实践的过程中逐渐形成的。,Language,has been formed,in practice.,地基是石头砌成的,墙壁则是砖头垒的。,The foundation,is made of,stones and,the wall of bricks,.,以上判断句中“是”和后面的“的”字之间是动词,原文没有说出谁是动作的发出者,而且表达的基本
39、都是客观或科学(技术)的问题,所以均译成了被动句。,2024/12/18 周三,45,C-t-E Translation,(三)汉语的部分无主句,汉语的无主句一般是关于科学技术活法律或不愿说出动作的发出者的,而英语的被动语态正好可以表达同样的语用功能,因此汉语此类无主句译成英语的被动语态是再恰当不过了。,不控制连锁反应,就会引起一场大爆炸。,A big explosion will be caused if the chain reaction is not controlled.,2024/12/18 周三,46,C-t-E Translation,可以认为有机化学这门学科已经经历了三个主要
40、阶段。,The organic chemistry may be considered as having passed through three main phases.,对违法者要严惩不怠。,Those who break the laws will be definitely punished.,通过特殊设计装置使发动机更有效地燃烧燃料,可以降低发动机一氧化碳的排放量。,The amount of carbon monoxide that an engine gives off can be reduced by special devices designed to make the
41、 engine burn the fuel more efficiently.,2024/12/18 周三,47,C-t-E Translation,(四)一些带泛指主语的句子,汉语句子中如果有一些表示通称或泛称的主语,如“有人”、“大家”、“人们”等,而且句子表达的是一种真实的或客观的情况,在翻译中可以转化为英语的被动语态。,例如:大家把他围住了,向他提出一个又一个问题。,He was surrounded and asked a lot of questions.,2024/12/18 周三,48,C-t-E Translation,大家都知道,电子是极微小的负电荷。,Electrons
42、are known to be minute negative charges of electricity.,or,:,It is known that electrons are minute negative charges of electricity.,2024/12/18 周三,49,C-t-E Translation,人们普遍认为教育在很大程度上影响一个人的命运。,Education is commonly believed to produce great influence on ones destiny.,or,:,It is commonly believed that
43、education can produce great influence on ones destiny.,有人指责他玩忽职守。,He was accused of negligence.,2024/12/18 周三,50,C-t-E Translation,(五)汉语中一些特殊的无主句结构,以“据说,-”,、“据报道,-”,、“据谣传,-”,、“必须指出,-”,等开头的汉语句子,一般翻译成英语的被动句型“,It is,+,过去分词,+,that,从句”的形式,.,例如:,据说,这项计划最终会取消。,It is said,that this plan will finally be canc
44、elled.,据报道,,2005,年上半年中国的经济增长率保持在,9.5%,。,It is reported,that in the first half of 2005 China maintained its economic growth rate of 9.5%.,2024/12/18 周三,51,C-t-E Translation,据谣传,他与这件事有关。,It is rumored,that he is involved in this accident.,必须指出,经济发展要以保护环境为前提。,It must be pointed out,that economic develo
45、pment has to be based on environmental protection.,2024/12/18 周三,52,C-t-E Translation,(,六,),表示通知、邀请、请求或动员的句子,汉语有些表示通知、邀请、请求或动员的句子,有时省略主语,有时候用“请”、“敬请”等,还有的结构比较完整,但语气非常正式。为了表示语气的委婉和正式,一般可以将用作书面语的这些汉语句子译成英语的被动语态,以获得语气上的对等和相同的语用效果,.,例如:,来宾请出示入场券。,Visitors are requested to show their tickets.,or,:,Ticket
46、s are requested for the entrance.,2024/12/18 周三,53,C-t-E Translation,今天邀请大家来开座谈会,主要是听听各位对这项计划的意见。,You have been invited to this forum today to exchange your ideas about this plan.,全体同学必须在本周五之前把所借图书归还图书馆。,All the students are required to return to the library all the books borrowed from it before Fri
47、day this week.,2024/12/18 周三,54,C-t-E Translation,请本大厦各租户协助我们的工作。,Cooperation from all tenants would be appreciated.,敬请告知汇款的详细地址。,Your information as to your detailed address for remittance would be appreciated.,2024/12/18 周三,55,C-t-E Translation,刚才有人在这里讲了一些不该讲的话。,关于这个问题,已经说得很多了。,在竞争中,不是你击败他,就是他击败你。
48、他出现在台上,观众报以热烈的掌声。,我们的政策不光要使领导者知道,干部知道,还要使广大的群众知道。,历史是人民创造的。,这部电影明天还要放映。,那部科幻小说是我的一个朋友译成中文的。,伤员需要有人照顾。,翻译技巧应予以足够的重视。,这个问题必须在适当的时候以适当的方式予以处理。,Exercise,2024/12/18 周三,56,C-t-E Translation,刚才有人在这里讲了一些不该讲的话。,Some things,were said,here just now which,were not supposed to be.,关于这个问题,已经说得很多了。,Much,has been
49、said,on this question.,在竞争中,不是你击败他,就是他击败你。,In competition,either you may defeat him or may,be defeated.,In competition,its possible for you to beat him or vice versa,.,他出现在台上,观众报以热烈的掌声。,He appeared on the stage and,was warmly applauded,by the audience.,2024/12/18 周三,57,C-t-E Translation,我们的政策不光要,使,领
50、导者知道,干部知道,还要使广大的群众知道。,Our policy must,be made known,not only to the leaders and to the cadres,,,but also to the masses.,历史是人民创造的。,History,is made,by the people.,这部电影明天还要放映。,The movie,will be shown,again tomorrow.,那部科幻小说是我的一个朋友译成中文的。,The science fiction,has been translated,into Chinese by a friend of






