1、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句【教法探析】一、定义限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰、确定的作用,是先行词不可缺少的 定语,如果省去主句的意思就会不完整,不明确或不合逻辑。关系代词有that, which, whom, who, whose以及关系副词when, where等,没有明显的逗号把从 句与主语分开,表达的意思为被修饰词的一个定语。例句:Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting?Where is the book which I bought this morning?非限制性定语从句:作用相当
2、于-种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释,和先行词之间只有比较松 散的关系,如果省去,主句的意思仍然完整或清楚,文字中常常用逗号将其与主 句分开,用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似,只是不能用that做修饰词。例句:This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet.Englishi is an important subject, which every students should study well.The building, in front of which sat a boy, was a school.二、功能以及用法三
3、、概述限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“,”与主句隔开。用逗号“,”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语,如删 除,主句则失去意义或意思表达不 完整。只是对先行词的补充说明, 如删除,主句仍能表达完整 的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语:.的”通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上A. 作宾语时可省略B. 可用thatC. 可用who代替whomA. 不可省略B. 不用thatC. 不可用who代替whom(一)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。(1)限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明 确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它 与
4、主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那 幢房子。(限制性)The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮, 是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)(2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从 句通常是非限制性的,例如:Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史 密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。My house, which
5、 I bought last year, has got a lovely garden, 我去 年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本 小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。(3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时 从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。Liquid water change
6、s to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水 变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。(二)从形式上看,限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连,两者没有停顿; 非限制性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。从意义上讲,限制性定语从句用来 修饰先行词,两者密不可分;而非限制性定语从句仅仅对先行词作补充性叙述或 说明,两者关系不那么紧密。由于两种定语从句存在着这些区别,一般来说,限 制性定语从句多半译成汉语的前置定语,修饰其后的先行词,非限制性定语从句 则往往译成后置的并列从句。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。通常对定语从 句处理如下:1. 限制性定语从句译成前置定语These
7、neighborhoods frequently recreate much of the culture and the values of the nationality that makes up the majority of the population.这些居民区经常再现构成大多数居民的大量民族文化和价值观念。2. 非限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句In almost all developing countries, economic development depends upon growth in export trade, which in turn creates jo
8、bs and raises living standards.几乎所有的发展中国家经济的发展都依赖于出口贸易的增长,而出口的增长 又有助于创造更多的就业机会和提高人民的生活水平。但是,有时候因为意思上的关系,或者出于汉语句子结构上的考虑,要把限 制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句,而把非限制性定语从句译成前置定语。3. 限制性定语从句译成后置的并列从句Each team plays ten or eleven games each season which begins in September and ends in November.每个队每赛季参加十到十一场比赛,每个赛季九月份开始,十一月份
9、结束。4. 非限制性定语从句译成前置定语He appeared to be returning home from a walk, for his buckle shoes, which followed a fashion long since out of date, were covered with dust.他好象是散步之后回家去,因为他那早己过时的扣鞋上布满了灰尘。5. 有的定语从句,从意义上看实际相当于一个状语从句,表示原因,目的, 结果,让步等关系。这样的定语从句应译出汉语的偏正复句,但是要加上相应的 连接词以表明其与主句的关系。Norway is, quite natural
10、ly, paying great attention to developments in Europe and in the Atlantic community, which are so instrumental to the maintenance of peace and security in our part of the world.挪威自然十分关切欧洲和大西洋国家的发展,因为这些发展大大有助于维护 世界上我们这一地区的和平和安全说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。【学法引导】定语从句是高中英语的学习重点。就其与先行项的语义关系分为限制性定语 从句和
11、非限制性定语从句。在学习中我们必须注意以下几个问题:一、与先行项的关系限制性定语从句与它的先行项的所指意义有着不可分割 的联系,缺少了它,作为先行项的名词(词组)便不能明确表示其所指对象。例如:Here is the person (先行词)who stole my bike.非限制性定语 从句与先行项(先行词)的关系比较松散,它不是先行项的不可缺少的组成部分, 而仅仅是对先行项作一些补充说明。若去掉它,并不影响先行项的所指意义。下面我们来看一个例子:My friend Sally, who is a doctor, went to Japan last month.上面的由逗号隔开的非限制性
12、定语从句who is a doctor只是补充 说明莎丽是一名医生,若把它省略,句子的意思为:我的朋友莎丽上个月去了日 本。句意完整,其所指对象莎丽不受其影响。通过上面的学习,我们再来看课本Revising useful structures中的一道 练习题:The minibus which I usually take on the campus had an accident yesterday.这道题要求同学们看看有没有必要加上逗号把它变成非限制性定语 从句。通过上面的学习,我们不难看出这个句子是正确的。我们先把它译成中文: 我经常乘坐去校园的小型公共汽车昨天发生了交通事故。这个句子中
13、的限制性定语从句which I take on the campus指明了发生事 故的minibus的对象是我经常乘坐的那一辆。二、翻译不同限制性定语从句通常采用前置法,即把从句译成带“的”的定 语词组,放在被修饰词的前面。译成汉语时,一般先译定语从句,再译先行词。例如:I love the person who tells the truth.我喜欢讲真话的人。非限制性定语从句多采用后置法,即如果从句结够复杂,译成汉语前置定语 显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时,往往译成后置的并列分句。例如: Shenzhou-V, which was sent into space on October 15
14、th, 2003, was China s first manned spaceship.神州V号,中国第一艘载人航天飞船,于2003年10 月15号发射成功。三、关系词的使用1. 大多数关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句,但 that 一般不用来引导非限制性定语从句。误: Fang passed her exam , that surprised me a great deal.正: Fang passed her exam, which surprised me a great deal.2. 不用which的情况值得注意的是,不少学生一看到逗号,马上就想到要 用which
15、来引导非限制性定语从句,其实不然。使用非限制性定语从句时,先行 词指人,关系代词主格用who,宾格用whom,作定语用whose;先行词表时间 或地点且在从句中作时间状培或地点状语时,可用when, where来引导。如:I have many friends, of whom some are businessmen, of whom 弓I 导非限制性定语从句,先行词friends指人,of表示“其中的”,介词后接 宾格,故用关系代词 whom. Last Sunday I reached Shantou, where I met chai. 上星期我到达汕头,在那里碰到了钗。这个句子先行词
16、为Shantou,且在从句中作地点状语,故用where. Linmeimei died in the night, when she was lonely.林妹妹死于晚上,那时她是孤寂的。3. 关系代词的省略情况不同关系代词在限制性定语从句作宾语时可以省略 去,而非限制性定语从句中,所有的关系词均不可省略。例如:This is the pen (which/that) I bought yesterday.这是我昨天买 的笔。The pen, which I bought yesterday, has been given to my friend. 我昨天买的笔,现己送给我的朋友【模拟练习】
17、1. All is useful to us is good.A. which B. what C. that D. whether解析:定语从句中的先行词为all, none等词时,关系代词必须用that, 而不是which.故选C2. Is this factory we visited last week?A. where B. that C. which D. the one解析:this factory容易被学生错误地混为先行词,其实这是This factory 是句子的主语而不是先行词。所以选择D. The one中的one指代的是factory, 作定语从句的先行词。3. She
18、 will never forget the day she spent in Beijing.A. when B. what C. which D. why解析:the day是定语从句的先行词,she spent in Bei jing中的动词spent 是个及物动词,后接宾语,the day作动词spent的宾语。因此选C.4. This is the school my father worked 20 years agoA. that B. when C. which D. where解析:题中的the school是定语从句的先行词。in +which= where ,因此 选D.
19、试比较: This school is D my father worked 20 years ago.A. where B. the one where C. that D. the one which【真题再现】1. (2102 江苏卷)After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter tosurvive.A. whichB. whoC. whereD. what【考点】定语从句一关系代词【答案】B【解析】指人的先行词people
20、在非限制性定语从句中充当主语,所以用关系 代词who引导。故选B项。【举一反三】由who引导的定语从句关系代词who只能指人,在从句中做主语或宾语。如:A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to the student.教师是传授知识的人。(关系代词在从句中做主语)The man who can do this work will get 1000 dollars.能够做此工作的人将获得1000美元。(关系代词who在从句中做主语)2. (2020 湖南卷)Care of the soul is a gradual process eventhe
21、 small details of life should be considered.A. whatB. in whatC. whichD. inwhich【答案】D【解析】句意:心灵的护理是一个逐渐的过程,在这个过程中,甚至生活中 那些微小的细节都应该加以考虑。in which引导非限制性定语从句,which代前 面的 processo3. ( 2020 安徽卷)A lot of language learning,has been discovered,is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.A. asB. itC. whichD. This【答案】A是正确答案。【解析】如果选择B或D就出现了两个句子了。本题考查非限制性定语从 句,关系代词指整个一句话 A lot of language learning is happening in the first year of life。传统考法是直接把从句放在句首,我不知道这里是不是算 作句首,我相信学生们也会是一头雾水吧。【as用在句首,which用在句末,正 确答案应该是A】
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