新编简明英语语言学教程-术语Definition(字母排序).doc

Acoustic phonetics：It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.Allophone：The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.Antonymy : Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and soundsArgument : An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence. Auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearers point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.Complete homonyms: When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.Componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a -word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.Constatives: were statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable.Context: Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types, the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.Cooperative Principle: It is principle advanced by Paul Grice. It is a principle that guides our conversational behaviours. The content is: Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or the talk exchange in which you are engaged.Coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as and, but, or. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.Derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication Diachronic: (study)the description of a language as it changes through time.Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. D-structure: D-structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.Grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. Homographs :When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.Homonymy:Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.Homophones :When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones Hyponymy :Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. Illocutionary act: is the act of expressing the speakers intention; it is the act performed in saying something.Inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflectionsInternational phonetic alphabet：It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.Language : is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. It is relatively stable, it does not change frequently.Linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.Linguistics : it is generally defined as the scientific study of language.Locutionary act: is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.Minimal pair：When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings， the two words are said to form a minimal pair.Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.Morphology: it is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication.Performatives: were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is to perform a particular speech act.Perlocutionary act: is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance, it is the act performed by saying something.Phone：Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment.Phoneme:The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme, it is a unit of distinctive value. Phonetics：Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language.Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. Polysemy :Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning. Pragmatics: be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.Predicate : A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence. Predication :The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. Received Pronunciation: is the accent of Standart English in England, with a relationship to reginal dialects similar to that of other European language.Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experienceRoot: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de -contextualised.Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase. Sentence meaning: The meaning of a sentence is often considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics,. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.Synchronic: (study)the description of a language at some point of time in history.Synonymy:Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function. Syntax: It is a subfield of linguistics and the study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. . The grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. its grammatical well-formedness . The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. Tone：Tones are pitch variations， which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.Two-place predication: It is one which contains two arguments.Utterance meaning: The meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.