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英文合同中的重点提示.docx

1、英文合同中的重点提示 (一)Contract 与 Agreement的区别 在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement. 1.何谓contract“? 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为: A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is

2、 between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations。依照这一定义,合同是平等主体之间设立确实定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H.Gifts编著的Law Dictionary“中将contract 定义为contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a d

3、uty.“依照这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违背承诺能够得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典A Dictionary of Law“给contract的定义:Contract is a legally binding agreement“依照这一定义,合同确实是有法律约束力的协议。 综合起来,有一个一样点,确实是Contract is an agreement“,即可将合同说成是An agreement which binds the parties concerned“或者说合同说成是An agreement which is e

4、nforceable by law“,也能够说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce. 2.何谓Agreement“? L.B A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.“依照这一定义,协议是对已经做或预备做的相关事宜,通过会谈、协商后获得一致意见,以口头或书面方式做出的商定。 Black Law Dictionary“有两个定义。

5、一个是:A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance“依照这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或今后某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。 另一个是:The consent of two or more persons concurring re

6、specting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.“依照这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了商定单方责任或互相责任,就财产权利、利益的转移获得的一致同意。 3.Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是能够互换呢? 合同的成立必须具备几个主要要素。它们(要约和承诺构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约才能四大部分组成。 L.B Curzon编著的A Dicti

7、on of Law“提到:Contract generally involves“: 1.offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受); 2.consensus ad idem (意思表示一致,也叫meeting of minds); 3.intention to create legal relations(建立合同关系的意愿); uineness of consent(同意的真实性); 5.contractual capacity of the parties(合同当事人的缔约才能); 6.legal

8、ity of object(标的物的合法性); 7.possibility of performance(履行的可能性); 8.certainty of terms(条款确实定性); 9.valuable consideration(等价有偿)。 Black ‘Law Dictionary”中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with “contract, agreement is a broader term, e.g.an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact.“即

9、协议“和合同“经常用作同义词,但协议“这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。 实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体确信少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。 1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是: 1.title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址); object(标的); 3.quantity(数量); 4.quality(质量); 5.

10、price or remuneration(价款或者酬劳); 6.time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式); 7.liability for breach of contract(违约责任); 8.methods to settle disputes (处理争议的方法)。 上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念尽管接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。能够说具备合同成立要求的具有强迫执行力的协议才是合同。

11、 (二)构造特点合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与处理争议的依照。合同英语行文慎密而精确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。 中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、受权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头: This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called ”Party A

12、 “)and Party B(hereinafter called ”Party B “) 然后是开场陈述: WHEREAS;THEREFORE; It is hereby agreed as follows: 或以: WITNESSETH, WHEREAS; NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 接着是正文,最后

13、是证明部分: IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written. 随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字,签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。 下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。 1.新加坡 Agreement THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company i

14、ncorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569(hereinafter called The Company“)of the part and JACK Wong(NRIC No._________ /A)of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinafter called The Manager“)of the other part. WHEREAS: 1.The company is engaged

15、in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business. 2. ; NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows: 1.The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company’s IT business for a period of two ye

16、ars commencing on 1st day of September 2. ; IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO Duties of Manger 1.To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company. 2. 3. SIGNED by Roger Tan For and

17、on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD In the presence of SIGNED by TERESA WONG In the presence of 新加坡的通用合同分五部分: 第一部分:称为parties,主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地/国及地址、及各自由合同的简称。开头框架一般为:THIS AGREEMENT is made the __________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called The Company“)

18、of the part and B______,(hereinafter called The Manager“)of the other part.句子开头THIS AGREEMENT或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。 当事人是自然人的,用of“和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用having its registered office at“和其后注册地址相连。 HEREAS开头,进入表达部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的缘故。 第三部分:称为habendum,正文。详细商定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的完毕段为:IN WITNESS WHEREOF,

19、the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.这段作用相当于中文合同的双方签字盖章,特此为证“。 第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。 第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人假如自然人,用SIGNED by __“ 英文写作翻译;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分In the presence of ____“;当事人是法人或非法人单位时,受权代表后接的是SIGNED for and on beh

20、alf _____ of____“,然后才是In the presence of _____同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出如今开头段的当事人介绍部分。 第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达: As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____, in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One. Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named In th

21、e presence of Signature Address Occupation. 上述合同的格式非常有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。 2.美国 APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as the Company“) as

22、one part and Mr._______ of _______(address)(hereinafter referred to as the Contractor)of the other part. WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS: 1.THAT the Company shall ; 2.This agreement shall commence on ; 3. 4. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date here

23、in mentioned SIGNED BY Name : Designation : For and on behalf of :(signature) Contractor : Designation : For and on behalf of :(signature) 本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同根本一样,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完好的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差异。最后落款处还多了 职务“,即designation(有的合同还惯用position)。 3.香港 CONTRACT CONTACT NO. SIG

24、NING DATE/PLACE THE BUYER: Name Legal Address Contact THE SELLER: Name Legal Address Contact This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.

25、 1.NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT 2.PRICE 3.PAYMENT 4.PACKING 5. IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written. THE BUYER THE SELLER ___________ ___________ By:__________ By:__________ Date:_________ Date:_________

26、THE END USER ___________ By: __________ Date: ____-_________ 比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采纳简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED BY工程,但增加了最终用户一项。 4.日本 SERVICE AGREEMENT This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st, 2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred t

27、o as PARTY A“), and ________CO., LTD.((hereinafter referred to as PARTY B“) WITNESSTH: WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b;and WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B’s req

28、uest) NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained, the parties hereto agree as follows: 1. 2. 3. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first her

29、einabove written. ______ Ltd.________ Co., Ltd.(signature) (signature) MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR 该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同最大的不同在于,在表达部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 工程,但受权签字代表的职位直截了当打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。 相比之下,英文合同除个别地点外,整个合同的段落陈列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。

30、 (三)用词特点(formal term) 合同英语的用词极其讲究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、精确(accurate)。详细表达在以下方面: 1.May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 ,May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其慎重。权利义务的商定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。 may 旨在商定当事人的权利(能够做什么),Shall商定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候)

31、 must 用于强迫性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do 不能说成can do, shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美国一些法律文件能够用shall not, 但绝不能用can not do或must not )例如,在商定处理争议的途径时的,能够说: The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contr

32、act by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People’s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 本句中的s

33、hall 和may表达精确。出现争议后应领先行协商,因此采纳了义务性商定“,假如协商处理不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性商定may也非常妥当。假如may和shall互换位置会如何样? 前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人能够通过协商处理,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼处理,好似一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。 本句可译为:双方首先应通过友好协商,处理因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。假如协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款商定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成一致的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院处理。 2.正式用语(formal term) 合

34、同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有非常大不同。例如: 由于“的短语多用by virtue of“,远远多于due to“一般不用because of “; 财务年度末“一般用at the close of the fiscal year“,而不用in the end of the fiscal year“; 在之前“一般用prior to“,而不用before“; 关于“常用as regards“, concerning“或relating to“,而不会用about“; 事实上“用in effect“,而不用in fact“; 开场“用commencement“,

35、而不用start“或begin“; 停顿做“用cease to do“,而不用stop to do“; 何时开会并由某某主持“的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.;其中召开“不用hold 或call“,而用convene“:主持“不用chair“或be in charge of “,而用preside“; 其他事项“用miscellaneous“, 而不用other matters/events“; 理解合同“用construe a contract“ 或comprehend a contract“,而不用

36、understand a contract“; 认为“用deem“,用consider“少,不用think“或believe“; 愿意做“用intend to do“或desire to do“,而不用want to do“, wish to do“。 3.用词专业(technical terms) 合同用词不以群众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言精确表达的保障。如合同出现的瑕疵“、 救济“、 不可抗力“、 管辖“、损毁“、 灭失“等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect, remedy, force majeure/Act of God, jurisdic

37、tion, damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as, whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。其它例子还有: 赔偿“用indemnities“,而不用compensation“ ; 不动产转让“用conveyance“,而不用transfer of real estate“ ; 房屋出租“用tenancy“,而财产出租“用lease of property“ ; 停业“用w

38、ind up a business“或cease (名词是cessation) a business“,而不用end/stop a business“ ; 专利许可中的特许权使用费“只用royalities“; 还款或专利申请的宽限期“英文grace“; 当事人在破产中的和解“用composition“ ; 以实物出资为investment in kind“ ; 按照合同相关规定“一般说pursuant to provisions contained herein“或as provided herein“等,不说according to relevant terms and

39、 conditions in the contract“; 合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同“英文表述为Neither party hereto may assign this contract“,其中hereto“表示to the contract“,选用Neither party to the contract“较少。 4.同义词、近义词、相关词的序列 FOR value RECEIVED, the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile

40、and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______, a copy of which is annexed hereto. 在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over, right和tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝破绽的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定方式。如: This agreement is made and entered

41、 into by and between Party A and Party B.句中made and entered into“和by and between“两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。 For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中for and in consideration of“, covenants and agreements“三组同义司和近义词并列。

42、The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein.这里的on the terms“和subject to the conditions“是一个意思都表示按照本协议的条款规定“。合同条款的固定方式是terms and conditions“。再例如: Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date“,一句中

43、的release“和discharge“意思几乎一样。 并列的词还有: ships and vessels; support and maintenance; licenses and permits; charges, fees, costs and expenses; any and all; any duties, obligations or liabilities; the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns; control and management of the partnership; applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules. 5.拉丁词 在国外合同中,拉丁词仍然是非常常见,比例: 税率:用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多; 从事慈善性效劳的律师:pro bono lawyer,不如何用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance.

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