句子成分与句型.doc

一、 句子的基本成分
在英语句子中常见的成分有如下几种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语等，有时简称为主、谓、宾、定、状、补、表。

一.主语
常由名词、代词、数词 不定式、 动名词、名词化的形容词,以及名词性从句充当, 陈述或交待谁做某事或某物怎么样。陈述句的主语常常放在谓语动词前面。如下列各句划线部分：
1. The students are cleaning the classroom.(名词)
2. The team from No,2 Senior High school won the match. (名词)
3. They used to come here before.（代词）
4. Who is the boy over there?（代词）
5. Six plus six is twelve.（数词）
6. Two third of the students in our class is girls. （数词）
7.Playing football is my favourite sport.（动名词）
8. The young should respect the old.（名词化的形容词）
9. Who will go isn't decided.（从句)
10. Whether it is true needs futher investigation.（从句）
11. What he said made us surprised. （从句）
12. It is our duty to help the poor children. （it作形式主语）
二. 谓语
谓语常由动词或动词词组充当,表示主语的动作或怎么样。英语中多种时态的变化，也多由谓语动词来表示，此外，谓语动词在数上要和主语保持一致，这也就是常说的“主谓一致”。需要注意的是，助动词情态动词不能单独充当句子的谓语，要与实义动词一起构成句子的谓语,同样系动词也不能单独作谓语,它与后面的表语一起充当句子的谓语。如：
1. They spoke English every day.
2. We have four classes in the morning.
3. He will come here this afternoon.
4. We have finished the job.
5. We are going to learn Unit 3 next week.
上面五句话的划线部分都是谓语,来说明前面主语的情况。
三. 宾语
宾语常常跟在及物动词或介词的后面;表示某一动作的对象或承受者，充当宾语的常为名词、代词、不定式或从句等。
1. The children go to school from Monday to Friday.（名词）
2. .He bougth a book yesterday. （名词）
3. The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）
4. I have told him about it.（代词）
5. ---How many English story-book do you have?
----I have one.（数词）
6. We began to work when we got to the field.（不定式）
7. I don't know how to work it out.（不定式短语）
8. .We should help the old.（名词化的形容词）
9. She enjoys listening to the classical music.（动名词）
10. He asked me who will go there with the teachers.（从句）
11. Everyone was puzzled at what he said at the meeting. （从句）
四. 宾补
英语中有些及物动词,除了有一个直接宾语外,还要有一个宾语补语才能使句意完整。这类动词常见的有：make (使) think (认为) consider, (认为) cause (引起) see(看见) find(发现) call (称,叫做) get (让,使得) have (让,使得) let (让)。充当宾语的通常是名词、形容词、不定式及其短语、现在分词及其短语、过去分词极其短语、介词短语、副词、从句等。如：
1. We made him monitor this term.（名词）
2. .They consider Mr Zhang an excellent leader.（名词短语）
3. They painted the door red.（形容词）
4. I believed the report untrue（形）
5. I think it possible for you to do it.（形）
6. We 'll invite them to have dinner with us.（不定式）
7. I noticed him go into the room.（不定式）
8. We often hear him singing in the room.（现在分词）
9. He saw the door broken when he came back.（过去分词）
10. I will have my car checked today. （过去分词）
11. They saw him in the classroom（介词短语）
12. I saw the book on the desk just now.（介词短语）
13. We found everything in good order.（介词短语）
14. We will make our city what your city is now. （从句）
五.表语
表语用来说明主语的身份特征和状态, 它常位于系动词之后。(常见的系动词有:表感观的有look (看起来),sound (听起来) taste (尝起来),smell (闻起来), feel (感觉).表变化的有:become , get turn , grow , come , go,fall, run. 表示依旧的有remain,keep, stay,continue, stand lie)它和系动词一起构成句子的谓语。表语一般由名词,代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词和从句如：
1. Our English teacher is an American.（名词）
2. This is yours. （代词）
3. That's all I want to say.（代词）
4. The weather has turned cold. （形容词）
5. Isn't it beautiful?（形容词）
6. The speech is exciting.（分词）
7. He is deeply moved. （分词）
8. She is sixteen.（数词）
9. He is always the first to come to school.（数词）
10. His job is to teach Chinese in a high school.（不定式
11. His hobby is playing football.（动名词）
12. .The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
13. I'm against the plan.（介词短语）
14. The time is up.class is over.（副词）
15. My father isn't in .He's out.（副词）
16. The question is how we can do it better.（从句）
17. The truth is that the weather is so bad.（从句)

六.定语
用来形容 修饰或限制名词或代词的成分叫定语。常由形容词、名词、代词、 介词短语、不定式、分词或从句来充当。如：
1. He is a hardworking student.（形）
2. This is a very big room.（形）
3. There are fifty women teachers in our school.（名）
4. Their Chinese teacher is a young woman.（代）
5. More than thirty students in our class bought English dictionaries.（数）
6. She has a lot of work to do this month.（不定式）
7. YangLiwei showed the flags of China and the United nations,expressing the wishes of the Chinese people to explore and use space peacefully.（不定式）
8. The reading room is full of readers （现在分词）
9. The book on the desk is very useful.（介词短语）
10. Do you know the man living in the room upstairs?（副）
11. .The man who came here yesterday is my uncle.（定语从句）
12. The pen (which) I bought yesterday writes well.（定语从句）
七. 状语
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征。担任状语的通常是副词及其短语、介词短语、不定式（短语）、分词（短语）、名词（短语）、从句等,状语有时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、地点状语、目的状语、方式状语、伴随状语、结果状语、程度状语、比较状语。
1. Light travels quickly （副词）
2. We often get up at six in the morning.（副词）
3. She likes English very much. （副词短语）
4. Factories and buildings are seen here and there. （副词短语）
5. They have been there for many years. （介词短语）
6. The teacher came in with a book under his arm. （介词短语）
7. I am glad to see you. （不定式）
8. She went there to see her grandma. （不定式表目的）
9. He is in the room， playing computer games.（分词短语表伴随）
10. Looking back, I saw her smiling at me.（分词短语表时间）
11. Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, we turned to the teacher for help.
（分词短语表原因）
12. Encouraged by the teacher, he works even harder.（分词短语表原因）
13. Wait a minute.（名词）
14. The tree is about ten metres tall.（名词短语）
15. When she got home, her mother was cooking .（从句）
16. Please make a mark where you have a question.（从句）
17. He won't be here because he has something urgent to deal with.（从句）
18. If the weather permits, We'll hold a sports meet next week.（从句）

指出下列句子划线部分各属于什么成分: (主, 谓, 宾, 宾补, 表, 定. 状 )
1. We have learned English for about ten years.
2. The students have a lot of homework to do every day.
3. She was late this morning because his bike broke down on the way to school.
4. Last Summer my father bought me a nice watch.
5. The teacher came in with a book under his arm.
6. The old man who came here yesterday is Zhanglin's grandpa.
7. Whether we will go tomorrow depends on the weather.
8. What he said at the meeting made us angry.
9. She asked me where he lived when she saw me at the school gate.
10.They came into the classroom, laughing and singing.

五种基本句型
1. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语
1. It is my dictionary.
2. Are all the English teachers from America?
3. The children are sleeping.
4. They seemed very surprised at the news.
5. What you said sounds reasonable.
6. It felt cold when I touch it.
7. The flowers in the guarden smell good.
2. 主语 + 谓语（不及物动词）
1. The sun rises
2. We all breathe, drink and eat.
3. Some of them have arrived.
4. It often rains in summer in our hometown.
5. The next year,1945, the Japanese invaders surrendered unconditionlly.

3. 主语+ 谓语 + 宾语
1. She enjoys listening to the music.
2. We all had a good time last Sunday.
3. They are having a meeting in the room.
4. The boys like playing football.
5. In his letter to his friends Jim expressed the wish to see them eagerly.
4. 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语(一般指人）+ 直接宾语(一般指物)
1. He give me some paper.
2. Mother bought me a new coat.
3. He showed me his photo.
4. She lent me some money.
5. Yesterday Mr Zhang ,the reportor,who has just come back from Sichuan earthquake -stricken area told us some moving stories happened there.
5. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
1. Do you call him Jim ?
2. We think him a good teacer.
3. He had me wait for a long time.
4. They often invite us to have a dinner with him.
5.. Please let me in.
6. I found the room broken into when I got there.
7. We often hear him singing.
8.I believe the story untrue.
9. We found the hall full of students and teachers listening to a report made by an expert from Beijing .
.
读下列句子指出它们分别属于五种句型的哪一种并划出相应的成分
A 主系表 B 主谓 C 主谓宾 D 主谓(直)宾、(间)宾 E 主谓宾、宾补
aaA

（）1.The team from No,2 high school is as good as ,if not better than ours.

（）2. Yesterday I heard him singing the English song which you sang just now.

（）3. Since 1990, great changes have taken place in our hometown.

（）4. I hate the lifestyle which is too stressful and too relaxing.

（）5 People in the mountains who led a hard life before are now living a happy life.

（）6. When I was young my grandma often told me the old stories happened in her age.

（）7. Last week my father bought me a nice watch when he was in Beijing on business.

（）8. That morning it rained harder and harder and we had to stayed there for another day.

（）9. I found Mr William still so strong and humorous after we met ten years later.

（）10. Bob's lifestyle is too relaxing and lazy, which is not good for him.

Keys: AEBCC, DDBEA