专题语法：定语从句.doc

定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。

一、 限定性定语从句

1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置

2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢

3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略

4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句

6. when引导定语从句表示时间

〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.

I still remember the first time I met her.

Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.

7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格

8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导

二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分

2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which

Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。

I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。

We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。

3. 有时as也可用作关系代词

4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物
定语从句中只用THAT,不用which的情况
1.
当先行词是不定代词，如all, everything, anything, nothing, much, few, little, none, the one等
All THAT can be done has been done.
I didn't want this recorder; I want the one THAT was borrowed yesterday.
2.
先行词（指物的）前面有only, few, one of, little, no, all, every, very等词修饰时
There's no difficulty THAT we can't overcome.
I've read all the books THAT can be borrowed here.
This is the very man THAT I want to see.
3.
先行词被序数词first, last, next等或形容词的最高级修饰时
This is the first letter THAT I've written in English.
She is the most careful girl THAT I've ever known.
4.
当先行词既有人又有物时
They talked about the people and places THAT they had visited.
5.
当先行词是系动词be后面表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时
Shanghai isn't the city THAT it used to be 60 years ago.
He is no longer the man THAT he used to be.
6.
当主句是以who, which或what开头的特殊疑问句时
Who is the man THAT is waiting at the school gate?
Which is the car THAT ran over a dog yesterday?
What did you see THAT made you so angry?
7.
当主句以There be…结构开头时，或关系代词在there be…结构中作实义主语，先行项为物
There is a seat in the corner THAT is still free.
There are two books on history THAT are for you.
The 9.15 is the fastest train THAT there has ever been.
8.
.当先行词是基数词时
Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two THAT are still alive.