短文改错常见错误类型.docx

短文改错常见错误类型：
1.动词的错误是历年考试的重点和热点，常见动词错误类型有
①一般现在时与一般过去时错用
② and前后动词时态不一致
③主谓不一致
④缺少动词,特别是be动词
⑤第三人称单数形式错用;
⑥主动语态和被动语态错用。
如2014新课标全国卷I
Since then—for all these year—we had been allowing tomatoes to self seed where they please.
答案：had改为have 本句的时间状语是all these years，通常和现在完成进行时连用。所以使用have been doing的形式。
如2014新课标全国卷II
My dream school starts at 8:30 am and ends at 3:30 pm. There are three lesson in the morning and two in the afternoon. We didn’t need to do so many homework.
答案：didn’t改为don’t 本文叙述“我”的梦想学校的情况。根据文章第一句My dream school starts at 8:30 am可知本文基本时态是一般现在时。
如2014新课标全国卷II
We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sat by the lake listening music.
答案：sat改为sit 本句中的or表示选择关系，也是一个并列连词，所以与前面的lie同样都使用动词原形。
如2014四川卷
Today, I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off.
答案: go改为goes。本句的主语a fire alarm为单数，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式goes。
如2014辽宁卷
The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.
答案: have改为has。本句的主语是单个的动名词短语the early morning barking，做主语时，谓语动词要使用单数形式。
2. 名词的常见错误：单复数名词错用，可数名词与不可数名词错用。
如2014新课标全国卷I
Since then—for all these year—we had been allowing tomatoes to self seed where they please.
答案：year改为years。本句前面的指示代词these修饰可数名词复数形式，所以使用名词years。
如新课标全国卷II
For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.
答案：hour改为hours。根据one and a half hours一个半小时。
如2014四川卷
Stay close to your teacher and classmate.
答案: classmate改为classmates。此处表达同班同学应为复数形式，因为同伴同学应该有多人，而不会只是一个。
3. 连词错误
连词包括关系代词、副词，并列连词and/ or/but等。关于连词，一般考查从句关系who/whom/whose/what/which/how/why/when/where/if/whether等。
如2014新课标全国卷I
Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.
答案：去掉but或but→yet。连词although不能和but连用可以把but改为副词yet。
如2014四川卷
If you notice that when someone is missing and hurt, tell your teacher immediately.
答案: 去掉when。根据句意，如果你注意到有人失踪或受伤……，可知此处是that引导的宾语从句表陈述，故when多余。
答案: and改为or。根据句意“有人不见或者受伤”可知Or表示的是选择的关系。
4. 冠词错误：误用a和an(根据单词的第一个音素来判定);误用a/an和the(固定搭配，或泛指、特指;多冠词或少冠词).
如新课标全国卷I
As result, the plants are growing somewhere.
答案：result前加a 考查固定搭配，as a result结果是。
如新课标全国卷II
There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.
答案：去掉第一个the 可数名词复数形式表示一类事物，不用定冠词。
如 2014四川卷
If it's a false alarm and there is no fire, your teacher will lead you back to the classroom.
答案: a改为the。当文章中第二次提到前面的某一名词时，需使用the表示特指。
如2014辽宁卷
Besides, Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day.
答案: bark后面的a改为an。名词average是以元音开始的单词，所以使用an修饰average of…。
5. 形容词和副词错误：系动词后用形容词(be/am/is/are/was/were/become/go/感官性动词 smell/feel);词性的误用(形容词修饰名词;副词修饰动词、形容词)。
如新课标全国卷I
The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.
答案: taste改为tasty 本句中的形容词juicy和前面的small一样，和系动词are构成系表结构。由and可知用tasty。
We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost!
答案: wonderfully改为wonderful 本句中使用形容词wonderful做定语来修饰后面的名词tomatoes。
如新课标全国卷II
The teachers here are kind and helpfully.
答案: helpfully→helpful 本句中的形容词helpful与前面的kind都是形容词在句中做表语。
如2014四川卷
Don't panic or get out of line, and try to remain quiet and calmly.
答案: calm改为calmly 。此句remain为系动词，后接形容词作表语构成系表结构。
6. 代词错误：代词的主格和宾格(I / me;he/him; she/ her; we/ us they/ them )错误;反身代词(myself/yourself/himself/herself/themselves/ourselves)使用错误;代词的单数和复数使用错误;代词指代错误;多代词或少代词。
如2014四川卷
If it's the false alarm and there is no fire, your teacher will lead us back to the classroom.
答案: us改为you 。根据句子的主语your teacher可知你的老师会带你们回教室。
如2014辽宁卷
We appreciate our apologies and goodwill, but we hope that you can figure out a good way of settling the matter.
答案: our改为your。句义：我们很欣赏你的歉意。根据后面的you可知对方是来道歉的。
如2014陕西卷
Neither of the arrows hit the target.
答案: Neither改为none。代词neither表示两者都不…；而本句中没有提及两者，应该是有很多的鸟。故使用none表示三者或者三者以上的全部否定。
7. 非谓语动词的常见错误：不定式、动名词作主语、宾语时;and连接的不定式或动名词前后不一致(尤其距离较远时);介词后用动名词形式作宾语;某些动词后要求接动名词或不定式。
如2014四川卷
Don't panic or get out of line, and trying to remain quiet and calm.
答案: trying改为try。此处为祈使句，因为连词and连接的是两个同样性质的内容，前面是一个祈使句Don't panic or get out of line，后面也应该是一个祈使句。故使用try，而不是trying。
如2014辽宁卷
It is difficult to understanding why she barks every minute she’s outside.
答案: understanding改为understand。本句中的it是一个形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式结构to understand why….；不定式结构中to后面要接动词原形。
8. 介词错误：词组中的介词误用;介词意思理解偏差;介词的多用或少用.
如新课标全国卷I
Nearly five years ago, and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes in our back garden.
答案：by改为of with the help of在……的帮助下。
如新课标全国卷II
Therefore, we have more time with after-school activities.
答案：with改为for 本句中的介词for表示目的。句意：我们有更多的时间来进行课外活动。
如2014四川卷
Today, I am going to talk with what you should do when a fire alarm goes off.
答案: with改为about 固定搭配talk about something谈论关于某事。
If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.
答案:wait后加for。此处wait为不及物动词，后接宾语时需加上介词for，构成wait for…等待…。
如2014辽宁卷
Although we’ve been delighted to have you as neighbors, we’re hoping to settle something that bothers to us.
答案:去掉us前面的to。动词bother困扰，麻烦；这是一个及物动词，后面直接加宾语，不需要使用介词to。