初高中英语的衔接--句子的基本结构：简单句、并列句和复合句.doc

基础语法
（句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句）
一、句子成分概述
（一）句子成分的定义：
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次 要成分；主要成分有 主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
（二）成分导图概览：

【例句】
主语：Two thirds of the water is absorbed.
谓语： 1、简单谓语： He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语： You may keep the book for two weeks.
【注】由系动词加表语也构成复合谓语如：We are students.
表语： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
宾语： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语补足语：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
定语： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
状语：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）

【巩固训练一】

一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
11. He managed to finish the work in time.
12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English.
14. Do you have anything else to say?
15. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.
16. Would you please tell me your address?
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
19. He noticed a man enter the room.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（＝）、谓语（—）、宾语（～）：
I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.
三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（ ）、状语[ ]、补语< >：
Most Saturday evenings there is a party even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. It's great! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents.
四、选择填空：
1. ____ will leave for Beijing.
A. Now there the man B. The man here now
C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now
2. The weather ____.
A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold
C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold
3. The apple tasted ____.
A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D sweet
4. He got up ____ yesterday morning.
A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter
5. The actor ______at the age of 70.
A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded
6. ____ were all very tired, but none of ____ would stop to take a rest.
A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we
7. He found the street much ______.
A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly
8.I think _____necessary to learn English well.
A. its B. it C. that D. that is
9. The dog ____ mad.
A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked
10.I will never forget the day ______ I joined the army.
A. that B. when C. in which D. where
二、句子的种类
（一）句子的分类导图

【例句】判断下列句子所属：
Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class
How clever the boy is!
He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous.
The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
（二）简单句的五种基本句型及用法简介：
英语基本句型有五个：S＋V，S＋V＋Cs，S＋V＋O，S＋V＋Oi＋Od，S＋V＋Od＋Co，其共有特征是主谓结构(S＋V)。
I、(S＋V)主谓结构(主语＋不及物动词)
1．此句型中，“V”是不及物动词，后面无宾语，如：My right arm hurts.。但通常有后续成分或称状语(A)，即 S＋V＋A，如：
She lived happily.
The sun rises every morning.
2．在有些句子中，主语或谓语或某一部分可以省略，如：
Hope to see you again soon.(省略主语)
—Who called?
—Jane (did)．(省略谓语)
II、(S＋V＋Cs)主系表结构(主语＋系动词＋主语补足语)
1．此句型中的“V”是连系动词，“Cs”是主语补足语，或称表语。充当主语补足语的有名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、动词­ing形式或­ed形式、不定式及名词性从句等，如：My first name is Bill.；Life is colorful.；Seeing is believing.；Our belief is that things will improve.。
2．常见的连系动词有下列几类：
(1)表示“判断”：be；
(2)表示“变得”、“成为”：become，come，go，fall，get，grow，prove，turn等；
(3)表示“保持着某一状态”：hold，keep，lie，remain，rest，sit，stay等；
(4)表示“看起来”、“好像”：appear，look，seem等；
(5)表示“实感”：feel，sound，taste，smell等。
She is a teacher and I am a doctor.
Spring comes and all trees turn green.
He stayed awake all night.
You don’t look happy. What’s the matter?
Their plan sounds wonderful.
III、(S＋V＋O)主谓宾结构(主语＋及物动词＋宾语)
1．“V”是及物动词，后面需跟一个宾语，可充当宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、v.­ing结构及名词性从句等，如：
I understand the program.
She asked to see the manager.
2．这种结构有时必须跟状语，意义才完整(即S＋V＋O＋A)，如：
We accepted their advice in buying a new car.
She completed the assignment just as the bell was ringing.
IV、(S＋V＋Oi＋Od)双宾语结构(主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语)
1．此句型中的“V”称为双宾及物动词，其后需跟间接宾语“Oi”(通常指人)和直接宾语“Od”(通常指物或事)。
2．此类动词大都具有给予的意义，常见的有：allow，award，bring，buy，choose，fetch，find，get，give，hand，leave，lend，offer，owe，pass，pay，promise，recommend，refuse，render，return，sell，send，show，take，tell等，如：
I gave him the book.
I’ll return you the dictionary soon.
3．有时间接宾语可移至直接宾语之后，但要加相应的介词，如to，for，of等，试比较：Betty gave her daughter an apple.
→Betty gave an apple to her daughter.
Father bought him a bike.
→Father bought a bike for him.
He asked me a question.
→He asked a question of me.
V、(S＋V＋Od＋Co)复合宾语结构(主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语)
该句型中，谓语动词虽有宾语，但句子意义仍不完整，需加补语“Co”补足其意义。 充当宾语补语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式短语及分词等，如：
We found the house empty.
Our neighbors built their wall high.
常用的这类动词有：appoint，believe，call，catch，choose，consider，elect，fancy，feel，find，hear，imagine，judge，keep，leave，make，name，need，prefer，prove，see，think，vote等。
【注】其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
（三）并列句的分类
1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。e.g.
The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g.
Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g.
He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g.
August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
（四）高考考点探讨
1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。
2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。
3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。
4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。如：We will go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow。

练习二、简单句、并列句和复合句
一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：
（ ）1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.
（ ）2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.
（ ）3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?
（ ）4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come
back home at seven in the evening.
（ ）5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
（ ）6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.
（ ）7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.
（ ）8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?
（ ）9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.
（ ）10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
二、判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句：
I hope you are very well（ ）. I'm fine, but tired（ ）. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm（ ）. August is the hottest month here（ ）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（ ） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（ ）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（ ）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（ ）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（ ）. But he employs more men for the harvest（ ）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（ ）. It doesn't often rain in the summer here（ ）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（ ）. Every evening we pump water from a well（ ）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（ ）.
Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（ ）. These parties often make us very happy（ ）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（ ）. It's great（ ）! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion（ ）. Some of my friends drink beer（ ）. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party（ ）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（ ）. There are five different time areas in the States（ ）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（ ）. How many different time areas do you have in China（ ）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（ ）. Please give my best regards to your parents（ ）.

三、选择填空：
1. Give me one more minute ____ I’ll be able to finish it.
A. and B. or C. if D. so
2. It’s the third time that John has been late, ____?
A. hasn’t he B. isn’t he C. isn’t it D. hasn’t it
3. ____ joyful he was to meet his brother again!
A. How B. What C. What a D. What an
4. Let us pass, ____?
A. shan’t we B. shall we C. won’t we D. will you
5. I suppose he’s serious, ____ ?
A. do I B. don’t I C. is he D. isn’t he
6. You had better not smoke here, ____?
A. will you B. had you C. shall you D. have you
7. Train as hard as you can ____ you’ll win the swimming competition.
A. then B. but C. and D. or
8. I’m sorry to have to say this, ____ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.
A. and B. but C. so D. because
9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and ____.
A. Henry hasn’t too B. Henry also has not either
C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry
10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, ____ others enjoy swimming.
A. or B. for C. while D. so
11. ---- Do you feel like going out ____ would you rather have dinner at home?
---- I’d like to go out.
A. or B. and C. but D. so
12. ---- “____ is the temperature today?” ----“It’s 38 degrees.”
A. Which B. How C. How hot D. How high
13. ---- Your uncle isn’t an engineer, is he? ---- ____.
A. Yes, he isn’t B. No, he isn’t C. No, he is D. He is
14. ____ friendly ____ to everyone!
A. How, is she B. What, is she C. How, she is D. What, she is
15. Mary went to bed early, ____ she felt very tired.
A. or B. so C. for D. yet
16. Mother ____ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. was making B. makes C. is making D. made
17. He lay in bed ____ read something borrowed from library.
A. but B. and C. or D. yet
18. ---- I’d really like some lunch but I have so much work to do.
---- ____ what you want and I can get it for you.
A. Tell me B. If you would say to me
C. You will tell me D. If you tell me
19. As he is strong, ____ can lift one hundred pounds.
A. yet he B. but he C. and D. he
20. ---- I thought you had an umbrella.
---- I had, ____ I’ve lost it.
A. since B. but C. because D. so
21. ____ down the radio ---- the baby’s asleep in the next room.
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn
22. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ fish.
---- I don’t like chicken ____ I like fish very much.
A. and, and B. and, but C. or, and D. or, but
23. ---- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
---- I’d like to, ____ I’m too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
24. Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and B. then C or D. otherwise
25. She set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later.
A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived
26. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointed
27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A. whom B. where C. which D. while
28. ____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
29. ---- Alice, you feed the bird today, ____? ---- But I fed it yesterday.
A. do you B. will you C. didn’t you D. don’t you
30. ____ him and then try to copy what he does.
A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch

四、按要求完成下列句子：
1. He dares to tell the truth.（改为否定句）

2. They have lived here for more than ten years.（对画线部分提问）

3. There will be a spor