塑胶材料之苯乙烯共聚物.docx

ABS 丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物
典型应用范围:
汽车（仪表板，工具舱门，车轮盖，反光镜盒等），电冰箱，大强度工具（头发烘干机，搅拌器，食品加工机，割草机等），电话机壳体，打字机键盘，娱乐用车辆如高尔夫球手推车以及喷气式雪撬车等。
注塑模工艺条件:
干燥处理：ABS材料具有吸湿性，要求在加工之前进行干燥处理。建议干燥条件为80~90C下最少干燥2小时。材料温度应保证小于0.1%。
熔化温度：210~280C；建议温度：245C。
模具温度：25~70C。（模具温度将影响塑件光洁度，温度较低则导致光洁度较低）。
注射压力：500~1000bar。              注射速度：中高速度。
化学和物理特性:
ABS是由丙烯腈、丁二烯和苯乙烯三种化学单体合成。每种单体都具有不同特性：丙烯腈有高强度、热稳定性及化学稳定性；丁二烯具有坚韧性、抗冲击特性；苯乙烯具有易加工、高光洁度及高强度。从形态上看，ABS是非结晶性材料。中单体的聚合产生了具有两相的三元共聚物，一个是苯乙烯-丙烯腈的连续相，另一个是聚丁二烯橡胶分散相。ABS的特性主要取决于三种单体的比率以及两相中的分子结构。这就可以在产品设计上具有很大的灵活性，并且由此产生了市场上上百种不同品质的ABS材料。这些不同品质的材料提供了不同的特性，例如从中等到高等的抗冲击性，从低到高的光洁度和高温扭曲特性等。ABS材料具有超强的易加工性，外观特性，低蠕变性和优异的尺寸稳定性以及很高的抗冲击强度。
Generic Class    ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene)
Typical Applications
Automotive (instrument and interior trim panels, glove compartment doors, wheel covers, mirror housings, etc.), refrigerators, small appliance housings and power tools applications (hair dryers, blenders, food processors, lawnmowers, etc.), telephone housings, typewriter housings, typewriter keys, and recreational vehicles such as golf carts and jet skis.
Injection Molding Processing Conditions
　Drying ABS resins are hygroscopic and drying is required prior to processing. Suggested drying conditions are 80 - 90 C (176 - 195 F) for a minimum of 2 hours. Resin moisture content should be less than 0.1%
Melt Temperature  200 - 280 C (392 - 536 F); Aim: 230 C (446 F)

Mold Temperature 25 - 80 C (77 - 176 F). (Mold temperatures control the gloss properties; lower mold temperatures produce lower gloss levels)
Resin Injection Pressure 500 - 1,000 bar (7,250 - 14,500 psi)
Injection Speed Moderate - high
Chemical and Physical Properties
ABS is produced by a combination of three monomers: acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene. Each of the monomers impart different properties: hardness, chemical and heat resistance from acrylonitrile; processibility, gloss, and strength from styrene; and toughness and impact resistance from butadiene. Morphologically, ABS is an amorphous resin.
The polymerization of the three monomers produces a terpolymer which has two phases: a continuous phase of styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) and a dispersed phase of polybutadiene rubber. The properties of ABS are affected by the ratios of the monomers and molecular structure of the two phases. This allows a good deal of flexibility in product design and consequently, there are hundreds of grades available in the market. Commercially available grades offer different characteristics such as medium to high impact, low to high surface gloss, and high heat distortion.
ABS offers superior processibility, appearance, low creep and excellent dimensional stability, and high impact strength.
Major Manufacturers
Dow Chemical (Magnum grades), GE Plastics (Cycolac), Bayer (Lustran), BASF (Terluran), Chi Mei (Polylac), LG Chemical (Lupos), Cheil Synthesis.
PC/ABS 聚碳酸酯和丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物和混合物
典型应用范围:计算机和商业机器的壳体、电器设备、草坪和园艺机器、汽车零件（仪表板、内部装修以及车轮盖）。
注塑模工艺条件:
干燥处理：干燥处理是必须的。湿度应小于0.04%，建议干燥条件为90~110C，2~4小时。
熔化温度： 230~300C。                模具温度：50~100C。
注射压力：取决于塑件。                注射速度：尽可能地高。

化学和物理特性:PC/ABS具有PC和ABS两者的综合特性。例如ABS的易加工特性和PC的优良机械特性和热稳定性。二者的比率将影响PC/ABS材料的热稳定性。PC/ABS这种混合材料还显示了优异的流动特性。
PC 聚碳酸酯
典型应用范围: 电气和商业设备（计算机组件、连接器等），器具（食品加工机、电冰箱抽屉等），交通运输行业（车辆的前后灯、仪表板等）。
注塑模工艺条件:
干燥处理：PC材料具有吸湿性，加工前的干燥很重要。建议干燥条件为100C到200C，3~4小时。加工前的湿度必须小于0.02%。
熔化温度：260~340C。                  模具温度：70~120C。
注射压力：尽可能地使用高注射压力。
注射速度：对于较小的浇口使用低速注射，对其它类型的浇口使用高速注射。
化学和物理特性:PC是一种非晶体工程材料，具有特别好的抗冲击强度、热稳定性、光泽度、抑制细菌特性、阻燃特性以及抗污染性。PC的缺口伊估德冲击强度（otched Izod impact stregth）非常高，并且收缩率很低，一般为0.1%~0.2%。PC有很好的机械特性，但流动特性较差，因此这种材料的注塑过程较困难。在选用何种品质的 PC材料时，要以产品的最终期望为基准。如果塑件要求有较高的抗冲击性，那幺就使用低流动率的PC材料；反之，可以使用高流动率的PC材料，这样可以优化注塑过程。
PC (Polycarbonate)
Typical Applications
Electronic and business equipment (computer parts, connectors, etc.), appliances (food processors, refrigerator drawers, etc.), transportation head lights, tail lights, instrument panels, etc.).
Injection Molding Processing Conditions
　Drying PC resins are hygroscopic and pre-drying is important. Recommended drying conditions are 100 - 120 C (212 - 248 F) for 3 to 4 hours. Moisture content must be less than 0.02% prior to processing.
Melt Temperature 260 - 340 C (500 - 644 F); higher range for low MFR resins and vice-versa
Mold Temperature  70 - 120 C (158 - 248 F); higher range for low MFR resins and vice-versa
Fill Pressure As high as possible for rapid molding
Injection Speed Slow injection speeds when small or edge gates are used; high speeds for other types of gates
Chemical and Physical Properties

Polycarbonate is a polyester of carbonic acid. All general-purpose polycarbonates are based on bisphenol A. The bisphenol A component of the molecule contributes to the high glass transition temperature (150 C / 302 F). The rotational mobility of the carbonyl group within the molecule contributes to the high ductility and toughness of the resin.
PC is an amorphous engineering resin with exceptionally good impact strength, heat resistance, clarity, sterilizability, flame retardancy, and stain resistance. The notched Izod impact strength of PC is very high and mold shrinkage is low and consistent (.1 -.2 mm/mm).
High molecular weight PCs (which translate to low melt flow rate) have higher mechanical properties, but processibility of such resins becomes difficult. The type of PC chosen for a particular application should be based on the desired criteria (for high impact properties, use a low-MFR PC; conversely, for optimal processibility, use a high-MFR PC).
The melt viscosities are typically Newtonian up to shear rates of 1000 1/s and decrease beyond that. The Heat Deflection Temperature Under Load is typically between 130 -140 C (266 - 284 F) and the Vicat Softening Point is typically around 155 C (311 F).
Major Manufacturers
Dow Chemical (Caliber), GE Plastics (Lexan), Bayer (Apec, Macrolon), DSM (Xantar), LNP (Lurbricomp, Thermocomp), Mitsubushi Engineering Plastics (Novarex), Teijin Chemical (Panlite).
PC/PBT 聚碳酸酯和聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯的混合物 
典型应用范围:齿轮箱、汽车保险杠以及要求具有抗化学反应和耐腐蚀性、热稳定性、抗冲击性以及几何稳定性的产品。
注塑模工艺条件:干燥处理：建议110~135C,约4小时的干燥处理。
熔化温度：235~300C。                    模具温度：37~93C。
化学和物理特性:PC/PBT具有PC和PBT二者的综合特性，例如PC的高韧性和几何稳定性以及PBT的化学稳定性、热稳定性和润滑特性等。
PA12 聚酰胺12或尼龙12
典型应用范围:  水量表和其它商业设备，电缆套，机械凸轮，滑动机构以及轴承等。

注塑模工艺条件:
干燥处理：加工之前应保证湿度在0.1%以下。如果材料是暴露在空气中储存，建议要在85C热空气中干燥4~5小时。如果材料是在密闭容器中储存，那幺经过3小时温度平衡即可直接使用熔化温度：240~300C；对于普通特性材料不要超过310C，对于有阻燃特性材料不要超过270C。模具温度：对于未增强型材料为30~40C，对于薄壁或大面积组件为80~90C，对于增强型材料为90~100C。增加温度将增加材料的结晶度。精确地控制模具温度对PA12来说是很重要的。
注射压力：最大可到1000bar（建议使用低保压压力和高熔化温度）。
注射速度：高速（对于有玻璃添加剂的材料更好些）。
流道和浇口:对于未加添加剂的材料，由于材料粘性较低，流道直径应在30mm左右。对于增强型材料要求5~8mm的大流道直径。流道形状应当全部为圆形。注入口应尽可能的短。可以使用多种形式的浇口。大型塑件不要使用小浇口，这是为了避免对塑件过高的压力或过大的收缩率。浇口厚度最好和塑件厚度相等。如果使用潜入式浇口，建议最小的直径为0.8mm。热流道模具很有效，但是要求温度控制很精确以防止材料在喷嘴处渗漏或凝固。如果使用热流道，浇口尺寸应当比冷流道要小一些。
化学和物理特性:PA12是从丁二烯线性，半结晶-结晶热塑性材料。它的特性和PA11相似，但晶体结构不同PA12是很好的电气绝缘体并且和其它聚酰胺一样不会因潮湿影响绝缘性能。它有很好的抗冲击性机化学稳定性。PA12有许多在塑化特性和增强特性方面的改良品种。和PA6及PA66相比，这些材料有较低的熔点和密度，具有非常高的回潮率。PA12对强氧化性酸无抵抗能力。PA12的粘性主要取决于湿度、温度和储藏时间。它的流动性很好。收缩率在0.5%到2%之间，这主要取决于材料品种、壁厚及其它工艺条件。
PA 12 (Polyamide 12 or Nylon 12)
Typical Applications
Gear wheels for water meters and business machines, cable ties, cams, slides, and bearings.
Injection Molding Processing Conditions
　Drying The moisture content must be below 0.1% prior to processing. If the material is exposed to air, drying in a hot air oven at 85 C (185 F) for 4 -5 hours is recommended (3-4 hours in a desiccant dryer). If the container is unopened, it may be used directly for molding after 3 hours of equilibration to shop floor temperature.
Melt Temperature  230 - 300 C (446 - 580 F); Not to exceed 310 C (590 F) for standard grades and 270 C (518 F) for flame retardant grades

Mold Temperature  30 - 40C (86 - 104 F) for unreinforced grades; for thin walled or large surface area components, 80 -90 C (176 - 194 F) may be used; 90 - 100 C (194 - 212 F) for reinforced grades. Increasing the mold temperature increases the crystallinity level. It is very important to precisely control the mold temperature.
Resin Injection Pressure Up to 1,000 bar (14, 500 psi) Low hold pressures and high melt temperatures are recommended.
Injection Speed High (high speeds give better finish on glass-filled grades)
Runners and Gates
Runner diameters for unfilled grades may be as small as 3 - 5 mm because of the material's low viscosity. Reinforced grades require larger diameters (5 - 8 mm). The runner shape should be the full round type. Sprues should be as short as possible.
A variety of gates may be used. Small gates for large parts should be not be used, in order to avoid highly stressed components or excessive shrinkage. The thickness of the gate should preferably be equal to the part thickness. When using submarine gates, the minimum recommended diameter is 0.8 mm.
Hot runner molds may be used effectively but precise temperature control is necessary to prevent material drooling or freezing off at the nozzle. When hot runners are used, the size of the gates may be smaller than in the case of cold runners.
Chemical and Physical Properties
PA 12 is a linear, semicrystalline-crystalline thermoplastic derived from butadiene. It has properties similar to PA 11 but its crystal structure is different. PA 12 is a good electrical insulator and its properties are not as sensitive to humidity as other polyamides. It has good resistance to shock and resistant to many chemicals. It is extensively modified with plasticisers and reinforcements. In comparison to PA 6 and PA 66, these materials have a lower melting point, density, and much lower moisture regain. It is not resistant to strong oxidizing acids.
Viscosity is determined by water content, temperature, and residence time. This material flows easily. Shrinkage is of the order of 0.005 - 0.02 mm/mm (0.5 - 2%). This is dependent on the specific grade, wall thickness, and processing conditions.

Major Manufacturers
Huls (Vestamid), Elf Atochem (A).
PA6 聚酰胺6或尼龙6
典型应用范围:由于有很好的机械强度和刚度被广泛用于结构部件。由于有很好的耐磨损特性，还用于制造轴承。
注塑模工艺条件:干燥处理：由于PA6很容易吸收水分，因此加工前的干燥特别要注意。如果材料是用防水材料包装供应的，则容器应保持密闭。如果湿度大于0.2%，建议在80C以上的热空气中干燥16小时。如果材料已经在空气中暴露超过8小时，建议进行105C，8小时以上的真空烘干。
熔化温度：230~280C，对于增强品种为250~280C。模具温度：80~90C。模具温度很显着地影响结晶度，而结晶度又影响着塑件的机械特性。对于结构部件来说结晶度很重要，因此建议模具温度为80~90C。对于薄壁的，流程较长的塑件也建议施用较高的模具温度。增大模具温度可以提高塑件的强度和刚度，但却降低了韧性。如果壁厚大于3mm，建议使用20~40C的低温模具。对于玻璃增强材料模具温度应大于80C。
注射压力：一般在750~1250bar之间（取决于材料和产品设计）。
 注射速度：高速（对增强型材料要稍微降低）。
流道和浇口:由于PA6的凝固时间很短，因此浇口的位置非常重要。浇口孔径不要小于0.5*t（这里t为塑件厚度）。如果使用热流道，浇口尺寸应比使用常规流道小一些，因为热流道能 够帮助阻止材料过早凝固。如果用潜入式浇口，浇口的最小直径应当是0.75mm。
化学和物理特性:PA6的化学物理特性和PA66很相似，然而，它的熔点较低，而且工艺温度范围很宽。它的抗冲击性和抗溶解性比PA66要好,但吸湿性也更强。因为塑件的许多品质特性都要受到吸湿性的影响，因此使用PA6设计产品时要充分考虑到这一点。为了提高PA6的机械特性，经常加入各种各样的改性剂。玻璃就是最常见的添加剂，有时为了提高抗冲击性还加入合成橡胶，如EPDM和SBR等。对于没有添加剂的产品，PA6的收缩率在1%到1.5%之间。加入玻璃纤维添加剂可以使收缩率降低到0.3%（但和流程相垂直的方向还要稍高一些）。
PA 6 (Polyamide 6, or Nylon 6, or Polycaprolactam)
Applications
Used in many structural applications because of its good mechanical strength and rigidity. It is used in bearings because of its good wear resistance.
Injection Molding processing conditions
　Drying  Since PA 6 absorbs moisture readily, care should be taken to ensure its dryness prior to molding. If the material is supplied in watertight packaging, the containers should be kept closed. If the moisture content is >0.2%, drying in a hot air oven at 80 C (176 F) for 16 hours is recommended. If the material has been exposed to air for more than 8 hours, vacuum drying at 105 C (221 F) for more than 8 hours is recommended.

Melt Temperature   230 - 280 C (446 - 536 F); 250 - 300 C (482 - 572 F) for reinforced grades
Mold Temperature 80 - 90 C (176 - 194 F). Mold temperature significantly influences the crystallinity level which in turn affects the mechanical properties. For structural parts, a high degree of crystallization is required and mold temperatures of 80 - 90 C (176 - 194 F) are recommended. High mold temperatures are also recommended for thin-wall parts with long flow lengths. Increasing the mold temperature increases the strength and hardness, but the toughness is decreased. When the wall thickness is greater than 3 mm, a cold mold is recommended (20 - 40 C / 68 - 104 F), which leads to a higher and more uniform degree of crystallinity. Glass reinforced resins are always processed at mold temperatures greater than 80 C (176 F).
Resin Injection Pressure Generally between 750 - 1,250 bar (~11,000 - 18,000 psi) (depends on material and product design)
Injection Speed High (slightly lower for reinforced grades)
Runners and Gates
The gate location is important because of very fast freeze-off times. Any type of gate may be used; the aperture should not be less than half the thickness of the part. When hot runners are used, the size of the gates can be smaller than when cold runners are used, because premature freezeoff is prevented. When using submarine gates, the minimum diameter of the gate should be 0.75 mm.
Chemical and Physical Properties
The molecular structure of polyamides consist of amide (CONH) groups joined by linear aliphatic sections (based on methylene groups). The toughness, rigidity, crystallinity, and thermal resistance of polyamide resins are due to the strong interchain attraction caused by the polarity of the amide groups. The CONH groups also cause a lot of moisture absorption.
Nylon 6 is produced by polymerization of caprolactam. The chemical and physical properties are similar to that of PA 66. However, its melting point is lower than PA 66 and it has a wider processing temperature range. Its impact strength and solvent resistance are better than PA 66, but its moisture absorption is higher. Many properties are affected by moisture absorption, which must be taken into account when designing with this resin. Various modifiers are added to improve mechanical properties; glass is one of the most commonly used fillers. Addition of elastomers such as EPDM or SBR improves impact resistance.

For unfilled grades, shrinkage is of the order of .01 - .015 mm/mm (1 - 1.5%) Addition of glass fibers reduce the shrinkage to as low as 0.3% in the flow direction (but could be as high as 1% in the cross-flow direction). The post-molding shrinkage is affected mainly by the crystallinity level and moisture absorption. The actual shrinkage is a function of part design, wall thickness, and processing conditions.
Major Manufacturers
BASF (Ultramid B), DuPont (Zytel), DSM (Akulon)
PA66 聚酰胺66或尼龙66
典型应用范围:同PA6相比，PA66更广泛应用于汽车工业、仪器壳体以及其它需要有抗冲击性和高强度要求的产品。
注塑模工艺条件:
干燥处理：如果加工前材料是密封的，那幺就没有必要干燥。如果储存容器被打开，那幺建议在85C的热空气中干燥处理。如果湿度大于0.2%，还需要进行105C，12小时的真空干燥。
熔化温度：260~290C。对玻璃添加剂的产品为275~280C。熔化温度应避免高于300C。
模具温度：建议80C。模具温度将影响结晶度，而结晶度将影响产品的物理特性。对于
薄壁塑件，如果使用低于40C的模具温度，则塑件的结晶度将随着时间而变化，为了保持塑件的几何稳定性，需要进行退火处理。
注射压力：通常在750~1250bar，取决于材料和产品设计。
注射速度：高速（对于增强型材料应稍低一些）。
流道和浇口:由于PA66的凝固时间很短，因此浇口的位置非常重要。浇口孔径不要小于0.5*t（这里t为塑件厚度）。如果使用热流道，浇口尺寸应比使用常规流道小一些，因为热流道能够帮助阻止材料过早凝固。如果用潜入式浇口，浇口的最小