南京市公开课阅读理解微观解题技巧(一).doc

阅读理解微观解题技巧（一）
技巧一 细节理解题
【水平诊断】
Winners are great at overcoming problems. For example, if you were late because your car broke down, maybe you need to have your car examined more regularly. Or, you might start to carry along with you the useful phone numbers, so you could call for help when in need. For another example, if your colleague causes you problems on the job for lack of responsibility or ability, find ways of dealing with his irresponsibility or inability rather than simply blame the person. Ask to work with a different person, or don’t rely on this person. You should accept that the person is not reliable and find creative ways to work successfully regardless of how your colleague fails to do his job well.
When your colleague brings about a problem, you should ______.
A. find a better way to handle the problem B. blame him for his lack of responsibility
C. tell him to find the cause of the problem D. ask a more able colleague for help
【诊断指导】
细节理解题在阅读理解题中占有很大比例，主要考查学生对于阅读材料中的某一具体事实或细节的理解。有些细节理解题可以直接从文中找到答案，有些则需要在理解的基础上将有关的信息进行甄别、筛选后才能得出正确答案。
【题干表现形式】
1. From the passage we know that ______.
2. In the passage, the author states that ______.
3. The writer mentions all of the items listed below Except ______.
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
5. Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?
6. Which of the following statements is not mentioned in the third paragraph?
【解题方法】
1. 对于直接或间接细节题，可以采用三步解题原则。
1） 关键词筛选。
2） 利用查读（Scanning）技巧查找相关信息。
3）相邻和夹逼原则。
〖例题〗（2010高考全国I卷） There were smiling children all the way. Charily they knew at what time the train passed their homes and they made it their business to stand along the railway, wave to complete strangers and cheer them up as they rushed towards Penang. Often whole families stood outside their homes and waved and smiled as if those on the trains were their favorite relatives. This is the simple village people of Malaysia. I was moved.
…
The day passed fast and I even forgot to have my lunch until I felt hungry. I looked at my watch and was surprised that it was 3:00 pm. Soon the train pulled up at Butterworth. I looked at the people all around me. They all looked beautiful. When my uncle arrived with a smile, I threw my arms around him to give him a warm hug (拥抱). I had never done this before. He seemed surprised and then his weather-beaten face warmed up with a huge smile. We walked arm in arm to his car. I looked forward to the return journey.
What did the author remember most fondly of her train trip?
A. The friendly country people. B. The mountains along the way.
C. The crowds of people in the streets. D. The simple lunch served on the train.
2. 对于排序细节题，采用首尾定位法。即先找出第一个动作或步骤和最后一个动作或步骤，迅速缩小选择范围。
〖例题〗（2009高考湖北卷） Gerner manages school facilities (设施) for Clark County, Nevada, a district roughly the size of Massachusetts. By 2018,143,000 additional students will enter the already crowded public-education system. Gerner needs 73 new schools to house them. Four architecture teams have nearly finished designing primary school prototypes (样品); they plan to construct their schools starting in 2009. The district will then assess how well the schools perform, and three winners will copy those designs in 50 to 70 new buildings.
Which order of steps is followed in carrying out the project?
A. Assessment－Prototype－Design－Construction.
B. Assessment－Design－Prototype－Construction.
C. Design－Assessment－Prototype－Construction.
D. Design－Prototype－Assessment－Construction.
3. 另外，我们还要观察干扰项的特点：有相当一部分事实细节题的选项照抄了原文的部分信息，这样的选项往往都是迷惑项，而将原文句子换一种形式表达的选项往往是正确的答案。因此，做此类题时要注意不能认为选项用词与原文相似的就是答案。

技巧二 主旨大意题
【水平诊断】
(09·上海C篇) “Get your hands off me, I have been stolen,” the laptop, a portable computer, shouted. That is a new solution to laptop computer theft: a program that lets owners give their property a voice when it has been taken.
The program allows users to display alerts on the missing computer’s screen and even to set a spoken message. Tracking software for stolen laptops has been on the market for some time, but this is thought to be the first that allows owners to give the thief a piece of their mind.
Owners must report their laptop missing by visiting a website, which sends a message to the model: a red and yellow “lost or stolen” sign appears on its screen when it is started. Under the latest version（版本）of the software, users can also send a spoken message.
The message can be set to reappear every 30 seconds, no matter how many times the thief closes it.” One customer sent a message saying,’ You are being tracked. I am right at your door’,” said Carrie Hafeman, chief executive of the company which produces the program, Retriever.
In the latest version, people can add a spoken message. For example, the laptop’s speakers will say: “Help, this laptop is reported lost or stolen. If you are not my owner, report me now.”
The Retriever software package, which costs $29.95 but has a free trial period, has the functions of many security software programs .Owners can remotely switch to an alternative password if they fear that the thief has also got hold of the access details.
If a thief accesses the internet with the stolen laptop, Retriever will collect information on the internet service provider in use, so that the police can be alerted to its location.
Thousands of laptops are stolen every year form homes and offices, but with the use of laptops increasing, the number stolen while their owners are out and about has been rising sharply.
Other security software allows users to erase data remotely or lock down the computer.
Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?
A. With no Retriever, thousands of laptops are stolen every year.
B. A new soft ware provides a means to reduce laptop theft.
C. Retriever has helped to find thieves and lost computers.
D. A new program offers a communication platform with the thief.
【诊断指导】
主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中不可缺少的阅读题型之一，而且难度相对比较大。细分起来，主要考查学生对于文章的中心思想、作者的态度以及写作意图等的阅读理解。
【设题方式】
考查文章的中心思想
1. The main idea/key point of the passage is that ______.
2. The passage is mainly about ______.
3. From the passage we can learn/conclude that ______.
4. Which of the following statements best express the main idea of the passage?
考查文章的标题
1. The best title/ headline for this passage is ______.
2. Which of the following is the best title?
3. What would be the best title for the text?
4. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is ______.
【解题技巧归纳】
主题句是归纳表达文章中心思想的句子，它的出现主要有四种情况：
1. 主题句在开头。
2. 主题句在结尾。
3. 主题句在中间。
4. 无明显的主题句，但是各小节可能有主题句。
〖例题1〗（2010高考辽宁卷）
Too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.
One of the studies looked at nearly 400northern California third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs.
A second study ,looking at nearly 1000 grown-ups in New Zealand, found lower education levels among 26-year –olds who had watched lots of TV during childhood .But the results don’t prove that TV is the cause and don't ride out that already poorly motivated youngsters（年轻人）may wash lots of TV.
What would be the best title for this text?
A. Computers or Television B. Effects of Television on Children
C. Studies on TV and College Education D. Television and Children's Learning Habits
〖例题2〗 （2009高考北京卷）
When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance，the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important…
Music tells us who we are…
Music provides a kind of perception（感知）that cannot be acquired any other way …
The arts are forms of thought as powerful in what they communicate as mathematical and scientific symbols…
So music education is far more necessary than people seem to realize.
What is the main idea of the passage?
A．Music education deserves more attention.
B．Music should be of top education priority.
C．Music is an effective communication tool.
D．Music education makes students more imaginative.
【课堂检测】
（I）The art of reading fiction is largely a matter of inferring meanings. To infer means to understand facts which are not directly stated—only suggested. Inference is one of the commonest ways of knowing things: a child holds his knee and cries; this action implies his feeling; an observer infers that the child is hurt. To infer accurately in everyday life requires caution in observing; to infer skillfully in fiction requires caution in reading; both require disciplined imagination.
The short-story reader can expect to find certain basic elements in any story. For example, all stories involve a person or persons, in a particular setting, faced with a demand for a response. The response called for may be a physical action, such as defeating an adversary(对手) or escaping from a danger; or it may be a mental action, such as adjusting to others or within oneself. In either case, the short story is a description in two ways: first, it shows the motives for a given human action; second, it makes a point about the general human situation. Such descriptions, however, rather than being stated directly, usually are implied by the elements of the story.
When the reader of a story understands all the facts and their interrelationships, he is ready to infer the significance of the story as a whole—its comment on the human situation. This comment, or theme, is the seed from which the story grew. It is also the idea by which all the separate elements of the story are governed, while these in turn further shape and modify the theme. In addition to action, character, and setting, these elements include structure, mood, tone, and point of view.
Fiction reading requires an awareness of all the ways in which a story communicates. It also requires attention to detail. What the author provides is a network of points which serve as clues to his meaning. He invites the reader to develop the meaning by inference, actually to create much of the story himself and so make it part of his own experience.
1. According to the author, “infer” means “______”. 
A. knowing facts beyond the statement
B. looking for more evidences for the statement
C. finding out a different meaning from the statement
D. adding some facts to the statement
2. What is the implied meaning of the last sentence?
A. Inferring can really help the reader develop imagination and enrich himself.
B. Inferring can help the reader write a story of his own.
C. The reader should look for an experience described in the story he reads.
D. The experience described in the story will leave a great impact on its reader.
3. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Inferring is an art of writing. B. Inferring is a need in fiction writing.
C. Inferring is the basic skill in reading fiction. D. Inferring is common in reading.
（II）Research shows that childhood friendships are important indicators of future success and social adjustment. Children’s relationships with peers(同龄人) strongly influence their success in school, and children with fewer friends are more at risk of dropping out of school, becoming depressed and other problems.
Making and Keeping Friends Is More Than Child’s Play
When 6-year-old Rachel returned to school on a recent Monday morning, her eyes immediately scanned the playground for her friend Abbie. Though they were only separated by a weekend, the girls “ran right into each other’s arms and hugged”, recalls Rachel’s mother Kathryn Willis of Gilbert. “It was like a scene from a movie.”
Most parents instinctively(本能地) know that having friends is good for their child. Experts agree that friendship is not simply child’s play, but a powerful predictor of social adjustment throughout life.
A Skill for Life
“Childhood friendships serve as a very important training ground for adulthood,”says Dr. Robbie Adler-Tapia, psychologist with the Center for Children􀆳s Health & Life Development at the East Valley Family Resource Center.
Researcher William Hartup states, “Peer relations contribute significantly to both social and cognitive(认知的) development.”Hartup concludes that the single best childhood predictor of adult social adaptation is not school grades or classroom behavior, but rather, how well a child gets along with other children.
The work of Arizona State University professor of developmental psychology Gary Ladd proves that just as being able to make and keep friends is beneficial to kids, so is the lack of friends detrimental.
Good Friendships Don’t Just Happen
Experts agree that it is essential for children to establish high-quality friendships. But, researchers warn, these friendships don’t necessarily just happen. Often, a good friendship begins with involved parents.
Valley psychologist Dr. Lynne Kenney Markan believes kids should be taught social skills in much the same way they are taught math and reading.
Bad Company
Many parents worry about the quality as well as the quantity of their child’s friendships.
“When she was in 1st grade, her supposed‘best friend’began calling her names and threatening to hurt her,” says Mindy Miller. “My daughter wasn’t allowed to talk to or even look at other girls in her class. It really crushed(压垮) her spirit. I told my daughter she didn’t need a ‘friend’ like that.”
“I’ll bend over backwards to help my son get together with a friend I think is good for him,” Adler-Tapia says. “I don’t look at it as manipulation(操纵) just positive parental involvement.”
1. The underlined word “detrimental” could be replaced by “______”. 
A. aggressive B. disappointing C. ridiculous D. harmful
2. We can learn from the passage that high-quality friendship most probably results from _____. 
A. social skills and good study habits B. school grades and classroom behaviors
C. academic success and social adaptation D. positive parental involvement and social skills
3. From the last paragraph we can conclude that Dr. Robbie Adler-Tapia agrees that ______. 
A. parents should regard making friends as something that just happens
B. it’s wise for parents to support and encourage healthy peer relationships
C. parents only need to help their children to cope with difficult social situations
D. parents are supposed to encourage their children to make as many friends as they can

阅读理解微观解题技巧（二）
技巧三 词义猜测题
【水平诊断】
（2012高考安徽卷C篇）
When Frida Kahlo’s paintings were on show in London, a poet described her paintings as “a ribbon(丝带) around a bomb”. Such comments seem to suggest Kahlo had a big influence on the art world of her time. Sadly, she is actually a much bigger name today than she was during her time.