中考英语语法知识点和考点概述.docx

中考英语语法知识点和考点概述中考英语语法知识点和考点概述初中英语语法知识点和考点概述201*年的中考即将来临，针对沈阳地区最近几年的中考的考试大纲和试题发展趋势以及英语学科的知识体系构成特点，简单总结中考英语的语法知识体系概要，对初中英语语法的知识点和考点进行简单分析和概述，提供给英语教师教学和学生学习方向，参考使用。让我们大致把中考英语语法体系可以分为三大部分，即词法、句子结构和复合句。（一）、词法包括各类词的用法的基本规律。具体包含名词、代词、冠词、数词、介词、连词、形容词和副词、动词和非谓语动词等。关于名词，近几年全国各地中考主要考查名词的词义辨析和名词所有格的用法，其中对名词词义辨析的考查是中考的热点，此外，名词的复数变化也是各地中考的热点之一。具体说来，在教师讲解名词这一块知识的时候，重点要放在名词的可数名词复数变化和用法还有名词所有格上面，因为这里一是考查热点，二是比较成系统易总结归纳掌握。1、名词的可数和不可数分类2、可数名词的复数规则和不规则变化3、名词所有格的两种形式和用法关于代词，近几年中考对代词的考查内容有：一是考查不定代词；二是考查代词的各种格式的形式和用法；其中关于不定代词、名词性物主代词和形容性物主代词用法上的区别是近几年中考代词的考查热点，预计今后依然会围绕集中在这一方面。1、人称代词2、不定代词3、指示代词4、疑问代词关于冠词，近几年中考对比的考查重点是定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词的用法。以单项你选择和完形填空等形式出现，主要在具体语境中考查冠词的基本用法。分值大约在23分。1、冠词的分类2、定冠词的特别用法3、不定冠词的特别用法4、零冠词的用法关于数词，近五年中考对数词的考查重点是：基数词和序数词的构成和用法；分数的表示方法及日常交际常见的数词的用法。对数词的考查以单项选择、词汇题或完形填空等形式出现，分值为23分。1、基数词的构成及规律2、序数词的构成和规律3、分数的表示方法4、数词的其他特定用法关于介词，是历年来中考考题中不可缺少的一个项目。主要以单项选择和完形填空的形式出现。重点考查表示时间、地点和方位的介词，同时注重考查常见的介词短语。1、表示时间的介词2、表示地点的介词3、表示方位的介词4、常用固定介词短语关于连词，连词分为并列连词和从属连词。对连词的考查各地中考试题中经常出现，考查内容有对并列连词的考查侧重对语境的正确理解；对从属连词的考查重在和从句的联系。近年考点多在对语言环境下连词的运用。1、并列连词2、从属连词3、特殊连词的特殊用法及区别关于形容词和副词，近几年中考对形容词的考查重点在于形容词比较级以及形容词的近义、同义上的比较，选择，以单选、所给词的适当形式填空，句式转换和完形填空的形式出现，所占分值约为37分。可谓重点地位。近年对副词的考点是副词的比较级和最高级的用法；副词词义辨析，形容词和副词的对比辨析。出题形式同形容词的考查。特别提示，沈阳地区对形容词和副词的原级比较也是经常考查的重点。1、形容词和副词的基本含义和用法及对比区别2、形容词和副词的原级比较3、形容词和副词的比较级用法4、形容词和副词的最高级用法关于动词，动词是英语学习的核心，是灵魂。中考对动词的考查主要在动词词义的辨析；动词词组和固定搭配；时态和语态的考查；此外，情态动词的用法会单独考查，且为必考项目。1、动词的分类及基本用法2、动词的时态3、动词的语态4、情态动词的用法5、系动词的用法6、动词短语7、动词词义辨析关于非谓语动词，初中阶段考查的只是基本的用法。预计今后的考查会加强对这一部分的考查。从近几年的考题上分析，非谓语动词的考查从不定式做宾语补足语；固定搭配；再到ING形式作宾语，到分词的用法，范围呈逐渐扩大之势，但试题的难度短期内将会有所控制。1、动词不定式的用法2、ING形式的用法（动名词的用法）3、分词的用法（二）、常用句子结构包括六个句式结构，即主谓一致；反义疑问句；并列句；感叹句、THEREBE句式和倒装句六种。关于主谓一致，中考对主谓一致的考查主要体现在对动词和主语的考查上，考查题型主要以单项选择为主，分值一般在23分左右，考点集中在就近原则和就远原则上面。1、形式一致原则2、意义一致原则3、就近原则与就远原则关于问句，中考主要考查特殊疑问句的疑问词的用法及反义疑问句的主语和谓语的确定；反义疑问句的回答，这部分是一直是个考查的重点。这部分侧重学生综合运用能力的考查。1、反义疑问句的基本原则2、反义疑问句主语的确定3、反义疑问句谓语的确定4、反义疑问句的回答关于并列句，这一部分和连词的并列连词的用法是交叉的。中考对并列句的考查主要集中在连词的选择上。关于感叹句，中考重点考查WHAT和HOW引导的两种句式。关于THEREBE句式，是几大句式当中最简单的一种，中考直接考查的机会不大，即使考查难度也不高，只要注意一下在将来时中的用法就可以了。关于倒装句式，主要分为半倒装和全倒装，而中考重点会放在半倒装的考查上面。近年来对这一部分的考查主要和主谓一致作为一个考查部分，一直都是以考查主谓一致为主，倒装句为辅。1、SO引导的半倒装2、NEITHER/NOR引导的半倒装（三）、复合句部分包括三大从句：宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句三种。复合句是中考的必考内容，也是整个中考语法考查中的重难点。关于宾语从句是中考从句考查中的重点，也是初中阶段的重点讲解内容。历年中考对宾语从句的考查一直是必考内容，主要考点在于宾语从句的语序和时态的综合考查。主要题型分布在单选、完形和综合阅读里面。、1、宾语从句的连接词2、宾语从句的语序3、宾语从句的时态4、宾语从句的否定转移5、宾语从句的简化6、WHEN和IF在宾语从句和状语从句中的运用区别注意关于定语从句，中考对于定语从句的考查一直都是考查最基本的用法，难点的考查会放在高中阶段，与宾语从句一起定语从句一直也是中考必考的题型，所占分值大约在4分左右，主要出现在单项选择、完形填空和综合阅读里面的同义句转换。1、定语从句的构成和含义2、关系代词引导的定语从句3、关系代词THAT的特殊用法4、关系副词引导的定语从句5、关系副词与关系代词的转换运用关于状语从句，与宾语从句一起状语从句时历年中考的重点考查项目，主要考查从属连词的选择用法。这一部分知识和其他部分知识有很多交叉运用，初中阶段习惯上不做状语从句系统讲解，只是在学习其他知识时做渗透或是做固定结构掌握。高中阶段会做详细分析讲解。1、时间状语从句2、地点状语从句3、目的状语从句4、结果状语从句5、条件状语从句6、原因状语从句7、让步状语从句8、方式状语从句综上所述，所有中考所涉猎的语法项目都在其中，具体细节请参阅相关参考书。中考语法知识点（非常重要）：一冠词1.anumbrella,anuncle,anunpleasanttrip,anunusualboy,anuglygirl,anMP32.auniform,auniversity,aunit,aUFO,ausefulbook,aEuropeancountry3.anhour,anhonestboy4.an“a”(e,f,h,i,l,m,n,o,r,s,x),a“b”(c,d,g,j,k,p,q,t,u,v,w,y,z)5.aone-year-oldbaby,aneight-year-oldboy,aneleven-year-oldgirl6.ChildrensDay,MayDay,theSpringFestival7.IlostthebookIboughtlastweek.Isitablackone?8.DoyouknowtheboynexttoMary/themaninwhite?二名词1.名词单复数:manysheep,afewdeer,severalJapanese,threeChinese,ninefishafewgeese,twomice,somechildren,tenfeet,fiveteethradios,photos,pianos,zoos;potatoes,tomatoes,heroes,Negroes2.名词所有格:TomandMarysfather,TomsandMarysfathersthekeytothedoor,theanswertothequestion,thetickettotheconcertTeachersDay,MothersDay,WomensDaytenminuteswalk,afive-dayholiday=fivedaysholiday,havefivedaysoff3.不可数名词:weather、news、information、advice、music、fun、room(空间)、work(cf:amessage,Helikesreadingnewspapers)Thereisanorangeonthetable.twobottlesoforangeanorangedress4.名词作定语:shoeshops,girlstudents,womendoctors,mennurses,sportsshoes5.threeEnglishmen/Frenchmen,afewGermans,manyAmericans6.apieceofbreadaboxoforangesapairofshoesfourpiecesofbreadtwoboxesoforangesfivepairsofshoes7.twopeople,threepolice,manyclothes,apairoftrousers三数词:1.thousandsof,threethousand,hundredsof,fourhundred,millionsof,sixmillion2.onefifth,twothirds,threequarters,3.first,second,third,twelfth,twentieth,nine-nineteen-ninety-ninthfour-fourth-fourteen-forty-fortieth4.inthe1860s/1860s(19世纪60年代),inherforties5.BusNo.112,thesecondlesson,LessonTwo;Room308,thetwenty-firstcentury6.anothertwoboys=twomoreboys7.attheageoftwelve/fifteen8.twohoursandahalf=twoandahalfhours四代词1.人称代词:his,hers,mine:Hiswatchisnew.Itisnthis.afriendofmine/hers/LiMingsThebookbelongstohim.=Thebookishis.2.疑问代词:howsoon-in;howoften-seldom,twiceamonth,everyday,everyfouryearshowlong-(for)amonth/since1998howfar-tenkilometers（awayfrom）,tenminuteswalk/drive,fiveminutesonfoot3.whattodo;howtodoit4.what没范围,which有范围Myfathersbirthdayiscoming.Idontknowwhattobuyforhim.Therearemanykindsofcamerashere.Idontknowwhichtobuy.5.all/both/none/neither/any/either的区别:Bothofthetwinsareteachers,butneitherofthemlikesteaching.AllofthedoctorshavetolearnFrench,butnoneofthemlikesit.Therearemanytalltreesonbothsides/eitherside/eachsideoftheroad/river.other,theother,others,theothers,another:someothers,(two)onetheotherTheshoesarenice,Iwanttobuyanotherpair.6.TheweatherinBeijingiscolderthanthatinDongguan.ThepopulationofChinaismuchlargerthanthatofJapan.ThestudentsinDongguanisbetterthanthose/theonesinBeijing.7.Wefound/thoughtit(was)interestingtolearnEnglish.8.肯定：alittlemoneyafewsheep否定：littlewaterfewstudents9.Therearesomepeopleintheroom.Therearentanystudentsintheclassroom.Wouldyoulikesomebread?ShanghaiislargerthananyothercityinChina.10.somethingspecialnothingserious11.enjoyoneselfhelponeselftodressoneselfsaytooneselfallbyoneselflookafteroneselflearnsthbyoneself=teachoneselfsthcometooneself五介词1.befriendlyto,makefriendswithsb,bestrictwithsb.,befullof,befilledwith2.inthemorning,intheafternoon,intheeveningatnightonacoldmorningonahotafternoonontheeveningofJune22onthenightofMay1st3.Itlooksniceonyou.awomanwithglasses,4.Itsnice/kind/stupid/wrongofyoutosayso.Itsnecessary/importantforustoremembermorewords.5.JapanistotheeastofChina.TaiwanisinthesoutheastofChina.GuangxiisonthewestofGuangdong.6.walkacrossthebridge/street=crossthebridge/street;swimacrosstheriver,sailacrossthePacificgothroughthetrafficlights/forest/jungle/city/park/villagegopastthebank=passthebank7.AllthestudentswenttotheparkexceptJohn,becausehewasill.Ineed2morestudentsbesidesJohntodothework.8.intwoweeks(跟一般将来时连用)9.bycar=inonescarbybus/bike=onthebus/bike六形容词和副词1.Anelephantis(very,quite,so,too)big.2.Afriendofmineisasheavyasme.Heisnotso/astallasher.3.much+比较级,muchmore+原形:Heismuchfatterthather.Heismuchmoreconfidentthanher.4.一些特殊的句型：1）Jimisthetallerofthetwo(boys).2）Ourschoolismuch(far/still/even/alot/alittle)morebeautifulthanyours.3）Theearlier,thebetter.4）Whensummercomes,theweathergetshotterandhotter.5）Ifyoudosportseveryday,youwillbecomehealthierandhealthier.6）TodayEnglishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.7）Heis2kilosheavierthanI.8）Parisisoneoftheliveliestcitiesintheworld.10).TheYellowRiveristhesecondlongestriverinChina.5.Heiscarefulenough.Hedoeseverythingcarefully.6.thepoor,theold,therich,thedead,theyoung:Theyoungarealwaysenergetic.7.Wearesurprisedtohearthesurprisingnews.七情态动词:1.MustIhandinmyhomeworknow?Yes,youmust./No,youneednt/donthaveto.2.-MayIsmokehere?-Yes,youcan/may./No,youcant/mustnt.2.Iamnotsure.Itmay/might/couldbelongtoher.3.must:交通规矩，规章制度；表肯定猜测“一定”4.cant:表猜测“肯定不是”：Theladyovertherecantbeourteacher.ShehasgonetoShanghai.八连词：1.although/though不能与but连用（转折关系）2.because不能与so连用（因果关系）3.Getupatonce,oryouwillbelateforclass.4.Wewillgoonapicnicifitdoesntrain.=Wewillgoonapicnicunlessitrains.5.Iwontleaveuntilmymothercomesback.6.IwilltellhimassoonasIseehim.7.Heissocleverthathecanworkoutthisproblem.=Heissuchacleverboythathecanworkouttheproblem.8.Ilikedancingwhilemysisterlikesdoingsports.9.Youshoulddoastheteachertoldyou.九被动语态1.Someonetoldmeaboutthis.-Iwasnttoldaboutthis.2.Weshouldspeaktotheoldpolitely.-Theoldshouldbespokentopolitely.3.Someonetookhertothehospitalintime.-Shewastakentothehospitalintime.4.bemade/heard/seen/watchedtodo5.Thiskindofbookssellswellandtheywillbesoldoutsoon.6.没有被动：happen,takeplace,comeout，cometrue,belongto,系动词十.现在完成时1.强调对现在造成的影响(already,ever,never,before,just,yet)Hehasjustarrived.(Heisherenow.)2.强调一直在做的动作（howlong,for,since,sofar,inthepast/lastfewyears,overtheyears）buyhaveborrowkeepdie-bedeadopenbeopenclosebeclosedbeginbeonfinishbeovercome-beinleavebeawayfromIborrowedthebooklastweek.-Ihavekeptthebooksincelastweek.Hisgrandfatherdiedtwoyearsago.-Hisgrandfatherhasbeendeadfortwoyears.Themoviebeganfiveminutesago.-Themoviehasbeenonforfiveminutes.十一.主将从现:(若主句用一般将来时时，从句则用一般现在时来表将来)。主句（将来）+if/unless/assoonas/until/when/before/after+句子（现在）1.Iwontgotobedunlessmyhomeworkisfinished.2.Wewillmakeprogressifwestudyhard.3.Iwillcallyouassoonashearrives.十二.感叹句1.Whatanexcitingfootballgamewewatched!=Howexcitingthefootballgamewas!2.Whatexpensivehousestheyare!=Howexpensivethehousesare!3.Whatbeautifulmusic!=Howbeautifulthemusicis!Whatimportantinformation!Whatgoodweather/advice/newsitis!Whathardworkitis!4.Howfunnythestoryis!Howcarefullyheworks!十三.非谓语动词1.tell/asksb.(not)todo,2.see/watch/hearsbdo,see/watch/hearsbdoing3.makesb.(not)do；letsb.do4.havesth.done:Mycomputerisbroken.Iwanttohaveitrepaired.5.youdbetterdo/notdo:Youdbetternotlaughatothers.6.whynotdosth.?=whydontyoudo?7.Would/Couldyouplease(not)dosth?8.practice/enjoy/keep/consider/finish/mind/spend+doing9.lookforwardto/payattentionto/getusedto/preferto+doing10.stop/keep/pretendsbfromdoing(阻止某人去做某事)11.bebusydoing,canthelp/stopdoing(忍不住做某事)12.while/before/after+doing13.介词+doing十四.定语从句先行词关系代词或副词人who(主宾)，whom(宾)，whose（“谁的”），that物which,that只用that：all,anything,everything,somethingthefirst,theninth,thebest,themostexpensivetheonly,theverythepersonandthething地点作状语where时间作状语when原因(thereason)why1.Thisistheplacewherehewasborn.2.Icantforgetthedayswhenwestudiedtogether.3.Thisistheplacethat/whichhevisited.4.Icantforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.5.Doyouknowthereasonwhyhewaslate?6.Theteacheristalkingwiththemanwhosesonwaslate.十五.therebe:Therewillbe,thereisgoingtobe,Thereusedtobe,Thereissbdoing,isntthere?十六.宾语从句:1.陈述句语序Idontknowwhathedidyesterday.2.时态（注意真理）例外：IdontknowhowIcangettothebank.Ididntknowwherehelived.3.Couldyoutellmewhenshewillarrive?(婉转语气)4.连接词：that,if/whether(ornot),what/how/which5.Idontknowwhathappenedtohim./whobrokethewindow/whatswrongwithhim.6.Idontknowifhewillcome.Ifhecomes,Iwillcallyou.Idontknowwhenhewillarrive.Whenhearrives,Iwillcallyou.十七.反意疑问句(前肯后否，前否后肯)，根据事实回答。1.Letsgoboating,shallwe?Letusgoboating,willyou?2.Passmesomesalt,willyou?Dontplayinthestreet,willyou?Sorry,Iwont.3.Theguestshavetogo,dontthey?Hehasacar,doesnthe?Theyhadlunchjustnow,didntthey?Youhaveacold,dontyou?Shehasbeentherebefore,hasntshe?Youhaveneverseenthemovie,haveyou?4.HesreadmanybookswrittenbyLuxun,hasnthe?Hesfriendly,isnthe?5.Hedidntcometoschoolyesterday,didhe?-Yes,hedid,thoughhewasbadlyill.-No,hedidnt,becausehewasillinhospital.6.否定词：seldom,hardly,few,little,never,nothing,nobody,no,not,none十八.连系动词1.be动词，五个感官动词（feel,taste,look,sound,smell），三个变（become,get,turn）两个保持（keep，stay），seem2.系动词+形容词3.没有被动：Thefoodtastesbad.4.一般不用进行时Themusicsoundsgood.5.Thestudentslookcareful.Theyarelookingatthepicturescarefully.十九.主谓一致：1.就近原则：NeitherhenorIhavebeentotheUSA.EithersheorIamgoingtostudyabroad.Notonlyhisparentsbutalsohissisterisanengineer.Therearesomepeopleandadogonthebeach.Thereisadogandsomepeopleonthebeach.Thereareanumberofsheeponthefarm.Thereisalittlesheeponthefarm.2.就远原则:with/togetherwith/besides/except/but(除之外)/aswellas/includingTheteachertogetherwithhisstudents,doessportseveryday.JackaswellashisparentshasbeentoChinabefore.3.金钱、距离、时间表单数：100dollars/Tenkilometers/Tenhoursisnotenough.4.anumberof=many+V复Anumberofstudentsareplaying.Thenumberof+V单Thenumberofthestudentsinourclassis58.5.不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数Everythinggoeswell.Someoneislookingforyou.6.Twothirdsofworkwasfinishedbyhim.TwothirdsofstudentsarefromDongguan.7.Eatingmorevegetablesisgoodforourhealth.8.Thispairofshoesischeap.Iwanttotrythemon.9.oneof+adj.最高级+n复+V单OneofthetallestboysinourclassisJim.二十.交际1.Wouldyoumindmysittingbesideyou?不介意：No,ofcoursenot./Certainlynot/Notatall.介意：Sorry,but/youdbetternot.2.回答sorry：Nevermind./itdoesntmatter./Notatall./Thatsallright.3.回答thankyou：Itsmypleasure./Yourewelcome./Thatsallright.4.Thatsright.那是对的。Allright.好吧。Youreright.你是对的。Thatsallright.别人表歉意或谢意时可以用，意为没关系或不用谢5.Haveaniceweekend!-Thesametoyou!Haveanicetrip.-Thankyou.6.Whataboutgoingtothemovietonight?-Goodidea./Allright./Thatsoundsgreat.7.IgotfirstprizeintheEnglishcompetition.-Congratulations!二十一.辨别：1.bemadeof/bemadefrom/bemadebysb./bemadein+地点bemadeof由制成(可看出原材料)Thecoatismadeofsilk.Thedeskismadeofwood.bemadefrom由制成(不能看出原材料)Paperismadefrombamboo.2.sometimes有时sometime某时sometimes几次sometime一段时间4.so(否定：neither)+be/情态动词/助动词+主语也是，也一样so(否定：neither)+主语+be/情态动词/助动词确实如此5.succeed(v.),successful(adj.),success(n.)6.die(v.),dead(adj.),death(n.):Hehasbeendeadfortenyears.7.ill/sick:Sheisill/sick.asickman8.sothat/suchthat句型（somanypeople,sointerestingaboy=suchaninterestingboy）9.usedtodo过去常常做某事be/getusedtodoing习惯做某事beusedtodo/fordoing被用来做beusedas被用作10.It/Sthtakessbtodo花时间;Sthcost花钱Sbspend+时间/钱+(in)doingsth/onsth;Sbpayfor付钱11.talkaboutsthwith/tosbsaysthtosbsay“jiaozi”inEnglishspeaktosbspeakEnglishtellsbsth/tellsthtosbtellsb(not)todosthtellajoke/story/lietellthetruth12.lookatsthseeadoctor/afilmwatchTV/amovie/match/game/showreadbooks/magazines/newspapers14.bringsthto(常跟here,come连用)takesthto(常跟there,go,away连用)fetchsth=goandbringsth去取，去拿15.Weshouldweartheschooluniformsatschool.Itsverycoldoutside.Putonyourcoatbeforeyouleave.Heistooyoungtodresshimself.16.Whereismypen?Icantfindit.Whatareyoulookingfor,Kate?Thewindowisbroken.Ishouldfindoutwhodidit.17.gettothecinema=arriveatthecinema=reachthecinemaarriveinChina/Shanghaiget/arrive/reachhome/there/hereWhenshearrives,Iwilltellyou.18.ahardquestionahardstoneworkhardrainhardItwasrainingsohardthatpeoplecouldhardlygoout.19.wouldratherdothando=prefertodoratherthando=preferdoingtodoing20.lookatlookafterlookaroundlookforlookuplookforwardtolookoutlookoverlookthroughlooklike21.takeawaytakeofftakeouttakeafterTakeaseattakeawalktakecareoftakeplacetakepartintaketurns22.putoutputawayputupputdown23.cleanupcheerupsetupcomeupwith=thinkupfixupputupcallupeatupgetupgiveupstayupcatchupwithendupgrowuphurryup