模块五第一单元grammar.doc

高二英语 “学 议 练 探” 学案 M5 U1
Module 5
Unit 1 Getting along with others
Grammar-to infinitive
Teaching aims:
1. Master the rules of to-infinitive and try to use to-infinitive and bare infitive in different situations.
2. Learn some fixed phrases, such as speaking of, rather than, persuade sb. to do etc.
3. Arouse the interest of learning and using various grammars.
Important points & difficult points:
How to understand diverse rules of to-infinitive and use them correctly.

Part 1 Preview
Thinking before class
Look at following sentences and pay attention to the words in red. Please translate them into Chinese.
A faithful friend is hard to find. ________________________________
The only way to have a friend is to be one.________________________
It is better to be alone than in bad company._______________________

Saying is one thing and doing another._________________
Seeing is believing.__________________________________________
Constant dripping wears away a stone. __________________________
Reading enriches the mind. ___________________________________

Part 2 Study in class
Step1 Brainstorming
The formation of to-infinitive （以动词do为例）

主动形式
被动形式
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
进行式
to be doing
无
完成进行式
to have been doing
无
Step 2 The meanings of to-infinitive
1．一般式
1）不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
He began to write a play. She appears to be very happy.
2) 不定式通常用来表示目的或结果，动作发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
John reached the station, only to find the train gone.
Alice went to the town to do some shopping.
3) 不定式表示原因时，它的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
I am very glad to hear the news.
2．完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
I am greatly honored to have been given a chance to read my report in the meeting.
3．进行式
不定式的进行式表示动作的进行，用于口语时常带有感情色彩。
1）主要表示与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
Things seem to be going on smoothly.
2）在口语中，此形式常与always或constantly连用，表达某种情绪。
I don’t like you to be always / constantly coming late for work.
4．完成进行式
不定式的完成进行式表示在谓语动词之前已经开始并一直在进行着的动作。
Susan was said to have been living in Paris for 20 years.
Step 3 The functionsgs of to-infinitive
1．主语
To know the theory is one thing; to put it into practice is another.
It’s kind of you to do me a favor.
2．宾语
We want to know all about him. I find it difficult to speak English fluently.
He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.
3．表语
His wish is to become a millionaire.
主动形式表示被动含义的特殊句子：
This room is to let. (此屋出租) He is to blame. (他该受责备)
4．宾语补足语
He want you to be his assistant. I saw her cross the street.
[注1] 如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词，则作宾补的不定式不可带to，这些动词有see, hear, feel, watch, notice; have, make, let等。
I felt my blood run cold. What made you think like that?
但如果句子是被动语态，则to不可省略。
He was made to clean the windows as a punishment.
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
[注2] 1.谓语动词help后可接带to或不带to的不定式作宾补。用不带to的不定式表示帮助者直接参与动作；用带to的不定式表示主语没有直接参与动作。
They helped me carry the boxes.
This kind of soap will help you to wash the clothes more easily.
2.在美式英语或非正式文体中，help后用作宾补的不定式均不带to。
3.help后可以直接用带to或不带to的不定式作宾语。
They helped (to) carry the furniture upstairs.
[注3]look at及listen to后用作宾补的不定式不带to（这主要是美式英语）。
We have been listening to the radio tell a long story.
5．表语补足语 当不定式与主语存在逻辑上动宾关系的时候，用主动表被动。
That is hard to say. The chair is comfortable to sit in.
6．定语 不定式（短语）可作名词的后置定语。
1）不定式前的名词是它的逻辑主语。
He is the doctor to do the operation.
2) 不定式和它所修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系。
I have a lot of things to do.
3）不定式前的名词是它修饰的对象。
This is the right time to start.
7．状语
1）目的状语
I came here to see my uncle.
作目的状语的不定式前可加上in order 或so as 以加强语气，否定式为in order not
to或so as not to。
I came here in order/so as to see my uncle.
You’d better review your lessons every day in order/so as not to forget them.
为了突出地表示目的，可以把不定式短语或in order to短语放在句首，但so as to
短语不可位于句首。
(In order) To see better, we took front seats.
2）结果状语
He arrived late to find the train gone.
不定式短语作结果状语还有其它几种形式：
so + adj/adv + as to, such + n + as to, too...to, etc
He was so fortunate as to win.
Tom behaved so foolishly as to make me think he was out of his senses.
His is such a bad story as to arouse our sympathy.
You are too young to understand such things.
3）原因状语
不定式可以用于动词、形容词或-ed分词后表示原因。
The children jumped with joy to hear the news. We are proud to be on this team.
They are encouraged to hear their teacher’s words.
8．同位语
Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished?
9．独立成分
To tell you the truth, I don’t like you. They arrived here at 11:55 a.m., to be exact.
类似的有：to be frank坦率地说，to hear him talk听他说话的口气，to cut a long story short 长话短说，等等。

Step 4 Various structures of to-infinitive
1．宾格词 + 不定式
1）普通结构 此结构中的宾格词为名词或代词的宾格，宾格词是谓语动词的宾语，同时又是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式和宾格词一起构成复合宾语。
I want Henry to come. She expects this to be true. I heard them sing yesterday.
2) “there to be + 宾格词”结构
此结构的宾格词仍是不定式的逻辑主语，只是它位于不定式to be 的后面。
I don’t want there to be any misunderstanding.
3) 各种形式的不定式都可以用于此种结构中。
The judge wanted the man to be punished.
He expected each of his students to be working hard for the coming exam.
2．主格词 + 不定式
当上一种结构变为被动语态时，就出现了此种结构，此结构中，不定式都要带to，主格词是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式在句中作主语补足语。
They are allowed to go. ← We allowed them to go
He was seen to enter the store. ← I saw him enter the store.
3．for + 宾格词 + 不定式
此结构中，宾格词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种结构在句中可作：
1） 主语 It is difficult for us to learn a second foreign language.
2）宾语 I consider it necessary for her to learn French.
3）表语 The best thing is for us to make our own decision.
4）定语 There is a lot of work for us to do.
5）状语 He opened the door for the car to enter.
The book is too easy for them to read.
4．with/without + 宾格词 + 不定式
此结构在句中常作原因状语，宾格词是不定式的逻辑宾语。
With so much work to do, I shall not be able to watch the match with you.
Without anything to eat, he died of hunger.
5．疑问词 + 不定式 此结构相当于名词词组，在句中可作：
1） 主语 When to visit that farm has not been decided yet.
2） 宾语 We must know how to operate this machine.
3） 表语 The problem now is how to collect enough money.
4） 同位语 The problem what to do next is unknown.
Step 5 The negative of to-infinitive
通常是在不定式前加not，表示较强的否定意义时可用never。
I told him not to touch the equipment. You must promise never to do that again.
Step 6 The omission of to-infinitive
1．在口语中，为避免重复，可省去相同的动词原形而只保留不定式符号to。
Don’t stop unless you have to (stop).
2．当两个或多个不定式由and或or连接时，通常只保留头一个不定式符号to。
I want him to write these sentences down and (to) translate them into Chinese.
Step 7 Functions of bare infinitive
1)We use the bare infinitive after:
* let and make and sometimes have
I let her borrow my book.
She made me promise to write every day.
The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.
* verbs of perception: feel, hear, see and watch
I saw her talk to her new friends.
He stood there and watched the passengers go by.
注：动词observe, notice也有这种功能。如：
Did you notice anyone enter the house?
Jerry likes to observe the stars move in the sky at night.
* Would rather, had better and why not
I would rather go swimming.
You had better tidy your bedroom.
Why not visit your cousin in Japan?
2)When two infinitives are joined by and, or, expect, but, than, rather than, we normally use the bare infinitive for the second infinitive.
Do you want to go shopping or watch a film?
I decided to write rather than phone.
Part 3 Practice in class
Multiple-choice
1. You had better ______ your hair cut.
A. had   B. have   C to get   D to have 
2. He ______ live in the country than in the city.
A prefers  B likes to  C had better  D. would rather 
3. The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut.
A. become  B. to become  C becoming   D  became
 4. Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.　 
A. learn　 B. to learn　 C. learned　 D. learning
 5. --- I usually go there by train.　 ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?　　
A. to try going　 B.　trying to go　 C.　to try and go　 D.　try going　　 
6. He wants to do nothing but ＿＿out. 　
A. to go　B. go    C. going　  D. goes
7. Compared with women. men always prefer ____ at home rather than ____  so much time shopping .     
A to stay ,to spend   B to stay ,spend 
  C stay ,spend   D  stay  ,to spend
8. She can’t help _____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A. to clean B. cleaning C. to be cleaning D. being cleaned
9. While shopping, people sometimes can’t help into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuade B. to be persuaded C .persuading D. being persuaded
10. We agreed ____ here, but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met  
11. ---- You were brave enough to raise the objections at the meeting.
----- Well, now I regret _____ that.
A. to do B. to doing C. to have done D. having done
12. Little Tom should love ____ to the theatre this evening.
A .to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
13. I’ve got a terrible headache. I tried some medicine, but it didn’t help.
A. to take B. having taken C. taking D. to have taken
 14. --- Would you join us tonight ?
---- I _____, but I have to prepare for tomorrow’s test.
A . would love so B. would love to C. would love it D. would love
15. I would love ____ to the party last night, but I had to finish extra hours to finish a report.
A .to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
Part 4 Exploring after class
(1) Consolidation
• Turn to page 9 in the Student’s Book and complete the letter.
• Retell the letter to your partner, using your own language.
(2) Self-teaching---Verb-ing as a noun
动名词
1. 动名词的句法功能：
动名词由动词加ing构成，与现在分词的形式相同。动名词主要起名词作用，在句中担任主语、表语、宾语和定语。
①作主语，可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代词it作为形式主语，而把动名词后置。
eg. Seeing is believing. (眼见为实)
Saying is easier than doing.
Collecting stamps is a good hobby. (单个动名词短语作主语时，动词用单数)
动名词作主语还有以下两个习惯表答法：
It is no use (good) + 动名词：做某事没有用
Eg. It’s no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水难收)
There is no + 动名词 (= It is impossible to do sth.)
Eg. There is no knowing what may happen.（未来的事无法知道）

②作表语：通常是说明主语的内容，注意它与谓语动词进行时的区别
eg. His hobby is collecting stamps. (此句为SVC结构) 可改为：Collecting stamps is his hobby.
Cf. He is collecting stamps. (is collecting是谓语动词进行时，此句为SVO结构)
不能改为：Collecting stamps is he.

③作宾语
A. 作及物动词 的宾语(enjoy, mind, finish, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, escape, pratise, suggest, keep(on), miss)
eg. 2005年上海卷No.32
He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk _____ the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
答案为B
有些动词（attempt, begin, continue, hate, like, love）后面既可以接不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，意义差别不大。通常认为用动名词泛指一般的倾向性，用不定式则表示特定或具体某一种动作。
Eg. I like swimming but I don’t like to swim in winter.
动词prefer后面接不定式作宾语时，句子结构与按动名词作宾语是不一样。
eg. I prefer to drive rather than to be driven.
I prefer driving to riding.
有些动词，如forget, remember, regret等，后面接动名词表示的动作先于谓语动词动作，不定式表示的动作后于谓语动词。
Eg. 2005年北京卷No.30
When asked by police, he said that he remembered _____ at he party, but not ______.
A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave
C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave
在下列句型中动名词作真正宾语：
动词+it（形式宾语）+宾补+动名词（真正宾语）
eg. I think it no use telling them.
We think it no good inviting to him.

B. 作介词的宾语
Eg. 2005年浙江卷No.3
The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour ______ his notes.
A. bringing up B. referring to C. looking for D. trying on
be used to doing 习惯于做；look forward to doing 盼望做；devote one’s life to doing 致力于做；spent time (in) doing 花时间做；be fond of doing 喜爱做；be good at doing 擅长做；be proud of doing 为做…而自豪；be tired of doing 对做…感到厌倦；feel like doing 欲想做； go on doing 继续做（原来的事）；keep on doing 不停地做；what about doing 做…怎么样；think of doing 考虑做；be interested in doing 对做…感兴趣；have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 做某事有困难；be busy (in) doing 忙于做；instead of doing 做…而不做…
eg. 2005年江苏卷No.23
Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and ______ jokes.
A. turning up B. putting up C. making up D. showing up
答案为C
④作定语
动名词可作前置定语，表示所修饰的词的用途或目的，可用for改写；而现在分词作定语时，可用定语从句改写。
swimming pool waiting room walking stick
a sleeping car=a car for sleeping a sleeping child= a child who is sleeping

⑤作同位语
eg. That’s the queen’s full-time job, laying eggs. 这就是蚁后的专职工作——产卵。

2．动名词的逻辑主语
①人称代词做逻辑主语时应用所有格，即形容词性物主代词。
Eg. Do you minding my smoking here?
②逻辑主语是不定代词或指示代词时，很少用所有格，而用普通格。
Eg. He was awakened by someone knocking the door.
There’s no need for that being done.
③逻辑主语是名词时，用所有格，但是如果名词为无生命物体时，则用普通格。
Eg. Mary’s laughing made Tom angry.
There is no hoping of the factory making profit.
④在口语中，动名词如果不在句首，可以用名词普通格或人称代词宾格作逻辑主语。
Eg. 2005年安徽卷No.34
I really can’t understand _____ her like that.
A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating
3. 动名词的完成式、一般式被动和完成式被动。
Eg. After having finish his work, he went home.
He attended the meeting without being asked.
She never told me about her having been interviewed by the police.

Teaching reflection

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